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The '''Cabinet of the United States''' is the principal official advisory body to the [[president of the United States]].  The Cabinet generally meets with the president in a room adjacent to the Oval Office in the West Wing of the White House. The president chairs the meetings but is not formally a member of the Cabinet. The [[vice president of the United States]] serves in the Cabinet by statute. The heads of departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]], are members of the Cabinet, and acting department heads also participate in Cabinet meetings whether or not they have been officially nominated for Senate confirmation. The president may designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office of the President]] as members of the Cabinet.
{{Short description|Principal advisory body to the president of the United States}}
 
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox organization
| name = Cabinet of the United States
| formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}
| logo = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg
| logo_size = 80px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = [[Great Seal of the United States]]
| image = Cabinet members of Joe Biden.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Cabinet of Joe Biden|President Joe Biden's Cabinet]] pictured in July 2021
| status = Inferred ([[Opinion Clause]])
| purpose = Advisory body to the president of the United States
| membership =
| leader_title = [[President of the United States]]
| leader_name = [[Joe Biden]]
| leader_title2 = Membership
| leader_name2 = 25 members, plus the Vice President:
* 15 [[United States federal executive departments|principal officers]]
* 10 [[#Cabinet-level officials|other members]]
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| staff =
| website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet/|www.whitehouse.gov}}
| footnotes =
| location = [[Cabinet Room (White House)|Cabinet Room]], [[White House]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
}} {{Politics of the United States}} The '''Cabinet of the United States''' is the principal official advisory body to the [[president of the United States]].  The Cabinet generally meets with the president in [[Cabinet Room (White House)|a room adjacent to the Oval Office]] in the West Wing of the White House. The president chairs the meetings but is not formally a member of the Cabinet. The [[vice president of the United States]] serves in the Cabinet by statute. The heads of departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]], are members of the Cabinet, and acting department heads also participate in Cabinet meetings whether or not they have been officially nominated for Senate confirmation. The president may designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office of the President]] as members of the Cabinet.


The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 26 members: the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], 15 department heads, and 10 Cabinet-level officials, all except two of whom require [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate confirmation]]. During Cabinet meetings, the members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet Room—White House Museum|url=http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/cabinet-room.htm|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.whitehousemuseum.org}}</ref>
The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 26 members: the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], 15 department heads, and 10 Cabinet-level officials, all except two of whom require [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate confirmation]]. During Cabinet meetings, the members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet Room—White House Museum|url=http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/cabinet-room.htm|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.whitehousemuseum.org}}</ref>


The members of the Cabinet whom the president appoints serve [[Powers of the president of the United States|at the pleasure of the president]]. The president can dismiss them from office at any time without the approval of the Senate or downgrade their Cabinet membership status (the [[vice president of the United States]] is elected not appointed and serves in the Cabinet by statute). Functionally, the president may give wide latitude to department heads and often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]] by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and trial in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".
The members of the Cabinet whom the president appoints serve at the pleasure of the president. The president can dismiss them from office at any time without the approval of the Senate or downgrade their Cabinet membership status (the [[vice president of the United States]] is elected not appointed and serves in the Cabinet by statute). Functionally, the president may give wide latitude to department heads and often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]] by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and trial in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".


The [[Constitution of the United States]] does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role is inferred from the language of the [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Opinion Clause]] (Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}2, Clause{{spaces}}1) of the Constitution for principal officers of departments to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]] authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]].
The [[Constitution of the United States]] does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role is inferred from the language of the [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Opinion Clause]] (Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}2, Clause{{spaces}}1) of the Constitution for principal officers of departments to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]] authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]].
==History==
[[File:State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg|thumb|[[James K. Polk]] and his Cabinet in 1846: the first Cabinet to be photographed.]]The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet of ministers]] or a [[privy council]]. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}1, Clause{{spaces}}1) vests "the executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}2, Clause{{spaces}}1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices".<ref>{{cite web| last=Prakash| first=Sai| title=Essays on Article II:Executive Vesting Clause| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/76/executive-vesting-clause| work=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution| publisher=The Heritage Foundation| access-date=July 3, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701142803/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/76/executive-vesting-clause| archive-date=July 1, 2018| url-status=live| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="A2EssayGaziano">{{cite web| last=Gaziano| first=Todd| title=Essays on Article II: Opinion Clause| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/88/opinion-clause| work=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution| publisher=The Heritage Foundation| access-date=July 3, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701142803/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/88/opinion-clause| archive-date=July 1, 2018| url-status=live| df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be.
[[George Washington]], the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Henry Knox]] and [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Edmund Randolph]]. Vice President [[John Adams]] was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/john-adams/ |title=John Adams · George Washington's Mount Vernon |access-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153631/http://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/john-adams/ |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of [[William Henry Harrison]] in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president [[Tyler precedent|would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term]] as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held. It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.
Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. During President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s administration, Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward. While [[Woodrow Wilson]] was a professor he also advocated a parliamentary-style Cabinet but after becoming president he did not implement it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President [[Ronald Reagan]] formed seven sub-cabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.<ref name="A2EssayGaziano" />
==Federal law==
==Federal law==
In {{usc|3|302}} with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.
In {{usc|3|302}} with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.
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|({{UnitedStatesCode|31|301}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|31|301}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Defense]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Defense" |[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Defense" |[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Justice]]
| data-sort-value="Attorney General" |[[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]
| data-sort-value="Attorney General" |[[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|28|503}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|28|503}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of the Interior]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of the Interior" |[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of the Interior" |[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|43|1451}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|43|1451}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Agriculture]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Agriculture" |[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Agriculture" |[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|7|2202}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|7|2202}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Commerce]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Commerce" |[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Commerce" |[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|15|1501}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|15|1501}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Labor]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Labor" |[[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Labor" |[[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|29|551}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|29|551}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Health and Human Services]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Health and Human Services" |[[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Secretary of Health and Human Services]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Health and Human Services" |[[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Secretary of Health and Human Services]]
|{{small|(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953,<br>{{USStat|67|631}} and {{UnitedStatesCode|42|3501}})}}
|{{small|(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953,<br>{{USStat|67|631}} and {{UnitedStatesCode|42|3501}})}}
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Housing and Urban Development]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" |[[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" |[[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|42|3532}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|42|3532}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Transportation]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Transportation" |[[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Transportation" |[[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|49|102}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|49|102}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Energy]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Energy" |[[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Energy" |[[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|42|7131}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|42|7131}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Education]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Education" |[[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Education" |[[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|20|3411}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|20|3411}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Veterans Affairs]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Veterans Affairs" |[[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|Secretary of Veterans Affairs]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Veterans Affairs" |[[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|Secretary of Veterans Affairs]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|38|303}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|38|303}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|-
|[[Department of State]]
|[[Department of Homeland Security]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Homeland Security" |[[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]]
| data-sort-value="Secretary of Homeland Security" |[[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]]
|({{UnitedStatesCode|6|112}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|({{UnitedStatesCode|6|112}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki>
|-
|}
|}


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*[[Office of Management and Budget|Director of the Office of Management and Budget]] (1953–1961, 1969–present)
*[[Office of Management and Budget|Director of the Office of Management and Budget]] (1953–1961, 1969–present)
*[[White House Chief of Staff]] (1953–1961, 1974–1977, 1993–present)
*[[White House Chief of Staff]] (1953–1961, 1974–1977, 1993–present)
*[[Counselor to the President]] (1969–1977, 1981–1985, 1992–1993): A title used by high-ranking political advisers to the president of the United States and senior members of the Executive Office of the President since the Nixon administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=clayton-yeutter&pid=184350162|title=Clayton Yeutter's Obituary|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194056/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=clayton-yeutter&pid=184350162|archive-date=December 31, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Incumbents with Cabinet rank included [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], [[Donald Rumsfeld]], and [[Anne L. Armstrong|Anne Armstrong]].
*[[Counselor to the President]] (1969–1977, 1981–1985, 1992–1993): A title used by high-ranking political advisers to the president of the United States and senior members of the Executive Office of the President since the Nixon administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=clayton-yeutter&pid=184350162|title=Clayton Yeutter's Obituary|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194056/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=clayton-yeutter&pid=184350162|archive-date=December 31, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Incumbents with Cabinet rank included [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], Donald Rumsfeld, and [[Anne L. Armstrong|Anne Armstrong]].
*[[White House Counsel]] (1974–1977)
*[[White House Counsel]] (1974–1977)
*[[Office of the United States Trade Representative|United States Trade Representative]] (1975–present)
*[[Office of the United States Trade Representative|United States Trade Representative]] (1975–present)
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*Department of Conservation (renamed Department of the Interior), proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.<ref name="Roosevelt" />
*Department of Conservation (renamed Department of the Interior), proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.<ref name="Roosevelt" />
*Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, proposed by President [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8699|title=23—Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Reorganization Plan 1 of 1962|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002721/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8699|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, proposed by President [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8699|title=23—Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Reorganization Plan 1 of 1962|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002721/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8699|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Business and Labor, proposed by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28141|title=121–Special Message to the Congress: The Quality of American Government|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|quote=In my State of the Union Address, and later in my Budget and Economic Messages to the Congress, I proposed the creation of a new Department of Business and Labor.|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002341/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28141|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Business and Labor, proposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28141|title=121–Special Message to the Congress: The Quality of American Government|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|quote=In my State of the Union Address, and later in my Budget and Economic Messages to the Congress, I proposed the creation of a new Department of Business and Labor.|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002341/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28141|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Community Development, proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.<ref name="Nixon" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3608|title=33—Special Message to the Congress on Rural Development|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002722/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3608|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Community Development, proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.<ref name="Nixon" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3608|title=33—Special Message to the Congress on Rural Development|work=The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002722/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3608|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Human Resources, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.<ref name="Nixon" />
*Department of Human Resources, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.<ref name="Nixon" />
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*Department of Technology, proposed by businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate [[Andrew Yang]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yang2020.com/policies/regulating-ai-emerging-technologies/|title=Regulate AI and other Emerging Technologies|website=Andrew Yang for President|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820174006/https://www.yang2020.com/policies/regulating-ai-emerging-technologies/|archive-date=August 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Technology, proposed by businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate [[Andrew Yang]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yang2020.com/policies/regulating-ai-emerging-technologies/|title=Regulate AI and other Emerging Technologies|website=Andrew Yang for President|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820174006/https://www.yang2020.com/policies/regulating-ai-emerging-technologies/|archive-date=August 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Department of Culture, patterned on similar departments in many foreign nations, proposed by, among others, [[Murray Moss]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garber|first=Megan|date=2013-07-01|title=Should the U.S. Have a Secretary of Culture?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/07/should-the-us-have-a-secretary-of-culture/277409/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> and Jeva Lange.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Hey Joe—appoint a culture secretary|url=https://theweek.com/articles/949759/hey-joe--appoint-culture-secretary|access-date=2021-01-22|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref>
*Department of Culture, patterned on similar departments in many foreign nations, proposed by, among others, [[Murray Moss]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garber|first=Megan|date=2013-07-01|title=Should the U.S. Have a Secretary of Culture?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/07/should-the-us-have-a-secretary-of-culture/277409/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> and Jeva Lange.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Hey Joe—appoint a culture secretary|url=https://theweek.com/articles/949759/hey-joe--appoint-culture-secretary|access-date=2021-01-22|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref>
*When he was SEC Chairman, [[Harvey Pitt]] proposed that the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] be elevated to Cabinet level. In July 2002, ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote: "[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] members of Congress joined administration officials today in ridiculing Harvey L. Pitt's request that his pay be increased and his job as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet rank ... evoking an outpouring of bipartisan scorn."<ref name="autogenerated3">Stephen Labaton (July 25, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/25/business/sec-chief-draws-ridicule-in-quest-for-higher-status.html "S.E.C. Chief Draws Ridicule In Quest for Higher Status,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''The New York Times''.</ref> Pitt had tried to insert a provision into corporate antifraud legislation increasing his pay by 21%, and also elevating his status to Cabinet level, at a time when the stock markets had sunk to five-year lows and some congressional leaders were calling for his resignation.<ref name="autoab">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/09/business/top-democrats-and-white-house-battle-over-sec-chairman.html|title=Top Democrats and White House Battle Over S.E.C. Chairman|first=Stephen|last=Labaton|date=October 9, 2002|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Stephen Labaton (November 6, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/06/business/sec-s-embattled-chief-resigns-in-wake-of-latest-political-storm.html "S.E.C.'s Embattled Chief Resigns In Wake of Latest Political Storm,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>[https://www.chron.com/opinion/editorials/article/SEC-Harvey-Chairman-Pitt-shows-a-tin-ear-2099758.php "SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt shows a tin ear,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''Houston Chronicle'', July 25, 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/article/lawmakers-blast-pitt-s-pay-request-2069371.php|title=Lawmakers blast Pitt's pay request|date=July 25, 2002|website=Chron}}</ref>
*When he was SEC Chairman, [[Harvey Pitt]] proposed that the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] be elevated to Cabinet level. In July 2002, ''The New York Times'' wrote: "Democratic and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] members of Congress joined administration officials today in ridiculing Harvey L. Pitt's request that his pay be increased and his job as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet rank ... evoking an outpouring of bipartisan scorn."<ref name="autogenerated3">Stephen Labaton (July 25, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/25/business/sec-chief-draws-ridicule-in-quest-for-higher-status.html "S.E.C. Chief Draws Ridicule In Quest for Higher Status,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''The New York Times''.</ref> Pitt had tried to insert a provision into corporate antifraud legislation increasing his pay by 21%, and also elevating his status to Cabinet level, at a time when the stock markets had sunk to five-year lows and some congressional leaders were calling for his resignation.<ref name="autoab">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/09/business/top-democrats-and-white-house-battle-over-sec-chairman.html|title=Top Democrats and White House Battle Over S.E.C. Chairman|first=Stephen|last=Labaton|date=October 9, 2002|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Stephen Labaton (November 6, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/06/business/sec-s-embattled-chief-resigns-in-wake-of-latest-political-storm.html "S.E.C.'s Embattled Chief Resigns In Wake of Latest Political Storm,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>[https://www.chron.com/opinion/editorials/article/SEC-Harvey-Chairman-Pitt-shows-a-tin-ear-2099758.php "SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt shows a tin ear,"<!-- Bot generated title -->] ''Houston Chronicle'', July 25, 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/article/lawmakers-blast-pitt-s-pay-request-2069371.php|title=Lawmakers blast Pitt's pay request|date=July 25, 2002|website=Chron}}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Black Cabinet]]
*[[Black Cabinet]]
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