Secretary of State

From USApedia
Not to be confused with Secretary of state (U.S. state government).
United States Secretary of State
File:Seal of the United States Secretary of State.svg
Seal of the secretary of state
File:Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
Flag of the secretary of state
Department of State
StyleMr. Secretary (informal)
The Honorable[1] (formal)
His Excellency[2] (diplomatic)
Member ofCabinet
National Security Council
Reports toPresident
SeatWashington, D.C.
AppointerPresident
with Senate advice and consent
Constituting instrument22 U.S.C. § 2651
PrecursorSecretary of Foreign Affairs
FormationJuly 27, 1789; 235 years ago (1789-07-27)
First holderThomas Jefferson
SuccessionFourth[3]
DeputyDeputy Secretary
SalaryExecutive Schedule, Level I[4]

The United States secretary of state (SecState[5]) is a member of the executive branch of the federal government and the head of the Department of State. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's Cabinet, after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the presidential line of succession; first amongst cabinet secretaries.

Created in 1789 with Thomas Jefferson as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a minister of foreign affairs in other countries.[6][7] The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the Senate. The secretary of state, along with the secretary of the treasury, secretary of defense, and attorney general, are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[8]

Secretary of state is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level $246,400, as of January 2024.[9][4] The current secretary of state is Antony Blinken, who was confirmed on January 26, 2021, by the Senate by a vote of 78–22.[10]

History

The secretary of state originates from the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Congress of the Confederation established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs.[11] After the Constitution of the United States was ratified, the 1st United States Congress reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department.[12][13]

Duties and responsibilities

The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States foreign service and immigration policy and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries.[14]

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Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings.[15] Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.[16] Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state.[17] Accordingly, the resignations of President Richard Nixon and of Vice President Spiro Agnew were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the secretary of state must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.[18]

As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in line to succeed the presidency, after the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, and the president pro tempore of the Senate.

Six past secretaries of state – Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Van Buren and Buchanan – have gone on to be elected president. Others, including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Lewis Cass, John C. Calhoun, John M. Clayton, William L. Marcy, William Seward, Edward Everett, Jeremiah S. Black, James Blaine, Elihu B. Washburne, Thomas F. Bayard, John Sherman, Walter Q. Gresham, William Jennings Bryan, Philander C. Knox, Charles Evans Hughes, Elihu Root, Cordell Hull, Edmund Muskie, Alexander Haig, John Kerry, and Hillary Clinton have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as secretary of state, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of secretary of state has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Protocol Reference" (in en-US). https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/. 
  2. ↑ "United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service". January 29, 2021. https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
  5. ↑ "Abbreviations and Terms". https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs", Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  7. ↑ NATO Member Countries Archived October 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, NATO. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch" (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
  9. ↑ "Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)". https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session". https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007. 
  11. ↑ Short 1923, pp. 55–56.
  12. ↑ "An Act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs". GPO. 27 July 1789. https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/28?link-type=details. 
  13. ↑ "An Act to provide for the Safe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes". GPO. 15 September 1789. https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/68?link-type=details. 
  14. ↑ "Duties of the Secretary of State". U.S. Department of State. https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm. 
  15. ↑ "Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian". https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899. 
  16. ↑ "Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States". www.state.gov. United States Department of State. January 20, 2009. https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm. 
  17. ↑ "3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office" (in en). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20. 
  18. ↑ "H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014". August 8, 2014. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212. 
  19. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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