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{{See also|Climate change in South Dakota}} | {{See also|Climate change in South Dakota}} | ||
[[File:South Dakota Köppen.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Köppen climate types in South Dakota]] | [[File:South Dakota Köppen.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Köppen climate types in South Dakota]] | ||
South Dakota has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons, ranging from cold, dry winters to warm and semi-humid summers. During the summers, the state's average high temperature is often close to {{convert|90|°F}}, although it cools to near {{convert|60|°F}} at night. It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot, dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above {{convert|100|°F}} several times a year.<ref name=SDclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf |title=Climate of South Dakota |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |access-date=November 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205247/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below {{convert|10|°F}} in most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|120|F|C}} at [[Usta, South Dakota|Usta]] on July 15, 2006<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wheat7.htm | title = Each state's high temperature record | newspaper = | South Dakota has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons, ranging from cold, dry winters to warm and semi-humid summers. During the summers, the state's average high temperature is often close to {{convert|90|°F}}, although it cools to near {{convert|60|°F}} at night. It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot, dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above {{convert|100|°F}} several times a year.<ref name=SDclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf |title=Climate of South Dakota |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |access-date=November 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205247/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below {{convert|10|°F}} in most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|120|F|C}} at [[Usta, South Dakota|Usta]] on July 15, 2006<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wheat7.htm | title = Each state's high temperature record | newspaper = USA Today | access-date = March 1, 2012 | date = November 1, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703051245/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wheat7.htm | archive-date = July 3, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> and the lowest recorded temperature is {{convert|-58|F|C}} at [[McIntosh, South Dakota|McIntosh]] on February 17, 1936.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wcstates.htm | title = Each state's low temperature record | newspaper = USA Today | access-date = March 1, 2012 | date = February 10, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120827011331/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wcstates.htm | archive-date = August 27, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
Average annual [[precipitation]] in South Dakota ranges from [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] conditions in the northwestern part of the state (around {{convert|15|in|disp=or|abbr=out}}) to semi-humid around the southeast portion of the state (around {{convert|25|in|disp=or|abbr=out}}),<ref name=SDclimate/> although a small area centered on [[Lead, South Dakota|Lead]] in the [[Black Hills]] has the highest precipitation at nearly {{convert|30|in}} per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Precipitation Normals (1971–2000) |publisher=South Dakota State University |access-date=November 26, 2008 |url=http://climate.sdstate.edu/archives/data/pptnormals.shtm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417160056/http://climate.sdstate.edu/archives/data/pptnormals.shtm |archive-date=April 17, 2012 }}</ref> | Average annual [[precipitation]] in South Dakota ranges from [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] conditions in the northwestern part of the state (around {{convert|15|in|disp=or|abbr=out}}) to semi-humid around the southeast portion of the state (around {{convert|25|in|disp=or|abbr=out}}),<ref name=SDclimate/> although a small area centered on [[Lead, South Dakota|Lead]] in the [[Black Hills]] has the highest precipitation at nearly {{convert|30|in}} per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Precipitation Normals (1971–2000) |publisher=South Dakota State University |access-date=November 26, 2008 |url=http://climate.sdstate.edu/archives/data/pptnormals.shtm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417160056/http://climate.sdstate.edu/archives/data/pptnormals.shtm |archive-date=April 17, 2012 }}</ref> | ||
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===Growth and rural flight=== | ===Growth and rural flight=== | ||
Over the last several decades, the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota, in common with other Great Plains states. The change has been characterized as "[[rural flight]]" as family farming has declined. Young people have moved to cities for other employment. This trend has continued in recent years, with 30 of South Dakota's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census.<ref name=ODriscoll>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/sd.htm O'Driscoll, Patrick. "Sioux Falls powers South Dakota growth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729023239/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/sd.htm |date=July 29, 2010 }}, '' | Over the last several decades, the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota, in common with other Great Plains states. The change has been characterized as "[[rural flight]]" as family farming has declined. Young people have moved to cities for other employment. This trend has continued in recent years, with 30 of South Dakota's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census.<ref name=ODriscoll>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/sd.htm O'Driscoll, Patrick. "Sioux Falls powers South Dakota growth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729023239/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/sd.htm |date=July 29, 2010 }}, ''USA Today'', March 12, 2001. (accessed December 16, 2008)</ref> During that time, nine counties had a population loss of greater than 10%, with [[Harding County, South Dakota|Harding County]], in the northwest corner of the state, losing nearly 19% of its population.<ref name=ODriscoll/> Low birth rates and a lack of younger [[immigration]] has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase. In 24 counties, at least 20% of the population is over the age of 65,<ref>{{cite web|title=South Dakota state and county demographic profiles |publisher=South Dakota State University |access-date=December 16, 2008 |url=http://agbionews.sdstate.edu/story.cfm?id=4420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106004418/http://agbionews.sdstate.edu/story.cfm?id=4420 |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> compared with a national rate of 12.8%. | ||
The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota, however. Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population, the Sioux Falls area, the larger counties along [[Interstate 29 in South Dakota|Interstate 29]], the Black Hills, and many [[Indian reservations]] have all gained population.<ref name=ODriscoll/> As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty, some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24606422 | jstor=24606422 | title=Community in Native America: Continuity and Change Among the Sioux | last1=Demallie | first1=Raymond J. | journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes | date=January 2, 2024 | volume=95 | issue=1 | pages=185–205 | doi=10.4000/jsa.10792 }}</ref> [[Lincoln County, South Dakota|Lincoln County]] near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest-growing county (by percentage) in the United States in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fastest Growing U.S. Counties | publisher = CNN | access-date = March 15, 2016 | url = https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/real_estate/1006/gallery.fastest_growing_US_counties/7.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160317160749/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/real_estate/1006/gallery.fastest_growing_US_counties/7.html | archive-date = March 17, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state.<ref name=ODriscoll/> South Dakota's total population continues to increase steadily, albeit at a slower rate than the national average. | The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota, however. Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population, the Sioux Falls area, the larger counties along [[Interstate 29 in South Dakota|Interstate 29]], the Black Hills, and many [[Indian reservations]] have all gained population.<ref name=ODriscoll/> As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty, some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24606422 | jstor=24606422 | title=Community in Native America: Continuity and Change Among the Sioux | last1=Demallie | first1=Raymond J. | journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes | date=January 2, 2024 | volume=95 | issue=1 | pages=185–205 | doi=10.4000/jsa.10792 }}</ref> [[Lincoln County, South Dakota|Lincoln County]] near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest-growing county (by percentage) in the United States in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fastest Growing U.S. Counties | publisher = CNN | access-date = March 15, 2016 | url = https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/real_estate/1006/gallery.fastest_growing_US_counties/7.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160317160749/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/real_estate/1006/gallery.fastest_growing_US_counties/7.html | archive-date = March 17, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state.<ref name=ODriscoll/> South Dakota's total population continues to increase steadily, albeit at a slower rate than the national average. | ||
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[[File:Downtown Sioux Falls 61.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]], with a population of around 192,000, is the largest city in South Dakota.]] | [[File:Downtown Sioux Falls 61.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]], with a population of around 192,000, is the largest city in South Dakota.]] | ||
[[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]] is the most populous city in South Dakota, with a 2020 population of 192,517,<ref name=2010CityPop>{{cite news | url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/sd | title = South Dakota | newspaper = | [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]] is the most populous city in South Dakota, with a 2020 population of 192,517,<ref name=2010CityPop>{{cite news | url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/sd | title = South Dakota | newspaper = USA Today | access-date = December 11, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121212105439/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/SD | archive-date = December 12, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
and a metropolitan area population of 281,958.<ref name=2009Metro>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326160039/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv |archive-date=March 26, 2010 |title=Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 27, 2010 }}</ref> | and a metropolitan area population of 281,958.<ref name=2009Metro>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326160039/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv |archive-date=March 26, 2010 |title=Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 27, 2010 }}</ref> | ||
The city, founded in 1856, is in the southeast corner of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Sioux Falls |publisher=City of Sioux Falls |access-date=October 6, 2008 |url=http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705075009/http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref> Retail, finance, and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls,<ref name=Thompson554>Thompson (ed.), p. 554.</ref> where the economy was originally centered on agri-business and quarrying. | The city, founded in 1856, is in the southeast corner of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Sioux Falls |publisher=City of Sioux Falls |access-date=October 6, 2008 |url=http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705075009/http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref> Retail, finance, and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls,<ref name=Thompson554>Thompson (ed.), p. 554.</ref> where the economy was originally centered on agri-business and quarrying. | ||
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There are nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota;<ref>{{cite web| year = 2007| url = http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=SD| title = U.S. Television Stations in South Dakota| publisher = Global Computing| access-date = December 13, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711101343/http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=SD| archive-date = July 11, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> [[South Dakota Public Television]] broadcasts from a number of locations around the state, while the other stations broadcast from Sioux Falls or Rapid City. The two largest television [[media market]]s in South Dakota are Sioux Falls-Mitchell, with a viewership of 246,020, and Rapid City, with a viewership of 91,070.<ref name=Nielson>{{cite web|date=2005–2006|url=http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html|archive-date=May 17, 2006|title=Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates (US)|publisher=Nielson Media|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref> The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States, respectively.<ref name=Nielson/> The state's first television station, [[KELO-TV]], began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953. Among KELO's early programs was ''[[Captain 11]]'', an afternoon children's program. ''Captain 11'' ran from 1955 until 1996, making it the nation's longest continuously running children's television program.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://keloland.com/NewsDetail6162.cfm?Id=95595 | title = Dave Dedrick: 1928–2010 | publisher = [[KELO-TV]] | access-date = January 23, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100126082805/http://www.keloland.com/NewsDetail6162.cfm?Id=95595 | archive-date = January 26, 2010 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> | There are nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota;<ref>{{cite web| year = 2007| url = http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=SD| title = U.S. Television Stations in South Dakota| publisher = Global Computing| access-date = December 13, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711101343/http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=SD| archive-date = July 11, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> [[South Dakota Public Television]] broadcasts from a number of locations around the state, while the other stations broadcast from Sioux Falls or Rapid City. The two largest television [[media market]]s in South Dakota are Sioux Falls-Mitchell, with a viewership of 246,020, and Rapid City, with a viewership of 91,070.<ref name=Nielson>{{cite web|date=2005–2006|url=http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html|archive-date=May 17, 2006|title=Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates (US)|publisher=Nielson Media|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref> The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States, respectively.<ref name=Nielson/> The state's first television station, [[KELO-TV]], began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953. Among KELO's early programs was ''[[Captain 11]]'', an afternoon children's program. ''Captain 11'' ran from 1955 until 1996, making it the nation's longest continuously running children's television program.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://keloland.com/NewsDetail6162.cfm?Id=95595 | title = Dave Dedrick: 1928–2010 | publisher = [[KELO-TV]] | access-date = January 23, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100126082805/http://www.keloland.com/NewsDetail6162.cfm?Id=95595 | archive-date = January 26, 2010 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> | ||
A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in television and publishing. Former [[NBC Nightly News]] anchor and author [[Tom Brokaw]] is from [[Webster, South Dakota|Webster]] and Yankton,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=58 | title = Tom Brokaw | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 11, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093137/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=58 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> '' | A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in television and publishing. Former [[NBC Nightly News]] anchor and author [[Tom Brokaw]] is from [[Webster, South Dakota|Webster]] and Yankton,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=58 | title = Tom Brokaw | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 11, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093137/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=58 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> ''USA Today'' founder [[Al Neuharth]] was from [[Eureka, South Dakota|Eureka]] and [[Alpena, South Dakota|Alpena]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=368 | title = Allen Neuharth | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 26, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093210/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=368 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> gameshow host [[Bob Barker]] spent much of his childhood in [[Mission, South Dakota|Mission]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=24 | title = Robert (Bob) Barker | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 11, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093128/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=24 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and entertainment news hosts [[Pat O'Brien (television)|Pat O'Brien]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=375 | title = Pat O'Brien | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 11, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093116/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=375 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and [[Mary Hart]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=203 | title = Mary Hart | publisher = South Dakota Hall of Fame | access-date = May 11, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093049/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=203 | archive-date = September 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> are from Sioux Falls. | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
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