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Coast Guard: Difference between revisions
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{{Main|History of the United States Coast Guard}} | {{Main|History of the United States Coast Guard}} | ||
The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs (an important source of revenue for the new nation). [[Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]] lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]], which it did on 4 August 1790 (now celebrated as the Coast Guard's official birthday). Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, these "revenue cutters" were the only naval force of the early United States. As such, the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties, including combating piracy, rescuing mariners in distress, ferrying government officials, and even carrying mail.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1122007,00.html |title=How the Coast Guard Gets it Right |first=Amanda |last=Ripley |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=23 October 2005 |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222051431/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1122007,00.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially not an organized federal agency at all, merely a "system of cutters," each ship operated under the direction of the customs officials in the port to which it was assigned. Several names, including "Revenue-Marine," were used as the service gradually becoming more organized. Eventually it was officially organized as the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]]. In addition to its regular law enforcement and customs duties, revenue cutters and their crews were used to support and supplement the Navy in various armed conflicts including the | The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs (an important source of revenue for the new nation). [[Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]] lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]], which it did on 4 August 1790 (now celebrated as the Coast Guard's official birthday). Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, these "revenue cutters" were the only naval force of the early United States. As such, the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties, including combating piracy, rescuing mariners in distress, ferrying government officials, and even carrying mail.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1122007,00.html |title=How the Coast Guard Gets it Right |first=Amanda |last=Ripley |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=23 October 2005 |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222051431/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1122007,00.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially not an organized federal agency at all, merely a "system of cutters," each ship operated under the direction of the customs officials in the port to which it was assigned. Several names, including "Revenue-Marine," were used as the service gradually becoming more organized. Eventually it was officially organized as the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]]. In addition to its regular law enforcement and customs duties, revenue cutters and their crews were used to support and supplement the Navy in various armed conflicts including the American Civil War.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Long Blue Line: Civil War operations of the Revenue Cutter Service |first1=William H. |last1=Thiesen |date=April 19, 2018 |url=https://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2018/04/tlbl-civil-war-operations-of-the-revenue-cutter-service/#:~:text=In%20August%201861,%20the%20cutter,naval%20campaign%20against%20New%20Orleans.&text=The%20cutter%20Miami%20also%20served,command%20ship%20during%20the%20war.|access-date=12 May 2021|website= Coast Guard Compass |archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150229/https://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2018/04/tlbl-civil-war-operations-of-the-revenue-cutter-service/#:~:text=In%20August%201861,%20the%20cutter,naval%20campaign%20against%20New%20Orleans.&text=The%20cutter%20Miami%20also%20served,command%20ship%20during%20the%20war.|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
A separate federal agency, the [[United States Life-Saving Service|U.S. Life-Saving Service]], developed alongside the Revenue-Marine. Prior to 1848, there were various charitable efforts at creating systems to provide assistance to shipwrecked mariners from shore-based stations, notably by the [[Massachusetts Humane Society]]. The federal government began funding lifesaving stations in 1848 but funding was inconsistent and the system still relied on all-volunteer crews. In 1871, [[Sumner Increase Kimball]] was appointed chief of the Treasury Department's newly created Revenue Marine Division, and began the process of organizing the Revenue-Marine cutters into a centralized agency. Kimball also pushed for more funding lifesaving stations and eventually secured approval to create the Lifesaving Service as a separate federal agency, also within the Treasury Department, with fulltime paid crews. | A separate federal agency, the [[United States Life-Saving Service|U.S. Life-Saving Service]], developed alongside the Revenue-Marine. Prior to 1848, there were various charitable efforts at creating systems to provide assistance to shipwrecked mariners from shore-based stations, notably by the [[Massachusetts Humane Society]]. The federal government began funding lifesaving stations in 1848 but funding was inconsistent and the system still relied on all-volunteer crews. In 1871, [[Sumner Increase Kimball]] was appointed chief of the Treasury Department's newly created Revenue Marine Division, and began the process of organizing the Revenue-Marine cutters into a centralized agency. Kimball also pushed for more funding lifesaving stations and eventually secured approval to create the Lifesaving Service as a separate federal agency, also within the Treasury Department, with fulltime paid crews. | ||
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In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of the Treasury]] to the newly formed [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]], an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Coast Guard joins Homeland Security Department |date=Feb 26, 2003|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/25/homeland.security/index.html|access-date=12 May 2021|website=CNN }}</ref> | In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of the Treasury]] to the newly formed [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]], an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Coast Guard joins Homeland Security Department |date=Feb 26, 2003|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/25/homeland.security/index.html|access-date=12 May 2021|website=CNN }}</ref> | ||
In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the [[War of 1812]], the [[Mexican–American War]], and the | In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the [[War of 1812]], the [[Mexican–American War]], and the American Civil War, in which the cutter ''Harriet Lane'' fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged [[Fort Sumter]]. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in [[World War II]], in all some 250,000 served in the Coast Guard during World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/World-War-II/|title=World War II|website=United States Coast Guard Historian's Office|access-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421013907/https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/World-War-II/ |archive-date=Apr 21, 2019 }}</ref> | ||
[[Coast Guard Squadron One]], was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the [[Vietnam War]]. Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy, it was assigned duties in [[Operation Market Time]]. Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment. The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970. Twenty-six [[Point-class cutter]]s with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the [[South China Sea]] into [[South Vietnam]] by [[Viet Cong]] and [[North Vietnam]] [[Junk (ship)|junk]] and [[Naval trawler|trawler]] operators. The squadron also provided [[81mm mortar]] naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during [[Operation Sealords]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam|url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/Vietnam/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=United States Coast Guard Historian's Office |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140348/https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/Vietnam/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021 }}</ref> | [[Coast Guard Squadron One]], was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the [[Vietnam War]]. Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy, it was assigned duties in [[Operation Market Time]]. Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment. The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970. Twenty-six [[Point-class cutter]]s with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the [[South China Sea]] into [[South Vietnam]] by [[Viet Cong]] and [[North Vietnam]] [[Junk (ship)|junk]] and [[Naval trawler|trawler]] operators. The squadron also provided [[81mm mortar]] naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during [[Operation Sealords]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam|url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/Vietnam/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=United States Coast Guard Historian's Office |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140348/https://www.history.uscg.mil/Our-Collections/Commemorations/Vietnam/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021 }}</ref> | ||