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Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Difference between revisions
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (view source)
Revision as of 00:24, 26 January 2025
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=== Collaborations === | === Collaborations === | ||
[[File:MIT Kresge Auditorium.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eero Saarinen]]'s [[Kresge Auditorium]] (1955) is a classic example of [[Mid-century modern|post-war architecture]].]] | [[File:MIT Kresge Auditorium.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eero Saarinen]]'s [[Kresge Auditorium]] (1955) is a classic example of [[Mid-century modern|post-war architecture]].]] | ||
The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Survey of New England: A Concentration of Talent |newspaper=The Economist |date=August 8, 1987 |quote=MIT for a long time ... stood virtually alone as a university that embraced rather than shunned industry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mitshapingfuture00mann_0|title=MIT: Shaping the Future |first=Edward B. |last=Roberts |chapter=An Environment for Entrepreneurs |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=1991 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0262631415 |quote=The war made necessary the formation of new working coalitions ... between these technologists and government officials. These changes were especially noteworthy at MIT.}}</ref> In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor [[Georges Doriot]], and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded [[American Research and Development Corporation]], the first American [[venture-capital]] firm.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shlaes |first=Amity |title=From the Ponderosa to the Googleplex: How Americans match money to ideas |work=State Department Press Release |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=May 14, 2008 |quote=Griswold, [MIT president] Compton, and various politicians handpicked Doriot to head American Research & Development, a new firm that would invest in [the] small, innovative companies that had been underserved by traditional capital markets.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Simon |first=Jane |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/05/20080512161121jmnamdeirf0.424679.html |title=Route 128: How it developed, and why it's not likely to be duplicated |page=15 |work=New England Business |location=Boston |date=July 1, 1985 |quote=Compton co-founded in 1946 what is believed to be the nation's first venture capital company. ... [He] and a group led by a Harvard professor [Doriot] founded one of the first venture capital companies, American Research & Development Corp.}}</ref> In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Liaison Program: About Us |publisher=MIT |year=2011 |url=http://ilp.mit.edu/about.jsp |quote=Established in 1948, the ILP continues ... making industrial connections for MIT. |access-date=2012-11-25 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016005821/http://ilp.mit.edu/about.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a [[Late 1980s recession|declining economy]] by [[technology transfer|transferring]] taxpayer-funded research and technology to international – especially [[Economy of Japan|Japanese]] – firms that were competing with struggling American businesses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDB153FF93AA25751C1A966958260&scp=1&sq=M.I.T.+Deal+with+Japan+Stirs+Fear+on+Competition&st=nyt |title=MIT Deal with Japan Stirs Fear on Competition |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=December 19, 1990 |access-date=June 9, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MIT Criticized for Selling Research to Japanese Firms |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 14, 1989 |first=William |last=Booth}}</ref> On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as [[President's Science Advisory Committee|presidential scientific advisers]] since 1940.{{refn|[[Vannevar Bush]] was the director of the [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] and general advisor to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry Truman]], [[James Rhyne Killian]] was Special Assistant for Science and Technology for | The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Survey of New England: A Concentration of Talent |newspaper=The Economist |date=August 8, 1987 |quote=MIT for a long time ... stood virtually alone as a university that embraced rather than shunned industry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mitshapingfuture00mann_0|title=MIT: Shaping the Future |first=Edward B. |last=Roberts |chapter=An Environment for Entrepreneurs |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=1991 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0262631415 |quote=The war made necessary the formation of new working coalitions ... between these technologists and government officials. These changes were especially noteworthy at MIT.}}</ref> In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor [[Georges Doriot]], and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded [[American Research and Development Corporation]], the first American [[venture-capital]] firm.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shlaes |first=Amity |title=From the Ponderosa to the Googleplex: How Americans match money to ideas |work=State Department Press Release |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=May 14, 2008 |quote=Griswold, [MIT president] Compton, and various politicians handpicked Doriot to head American Research & Development, a new firm that would invest in [the] small, innovative companies that had been underserved by traditional capital markets.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Simon |first=Jane |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/05/20080512161121jmnamdeirf0.424679.html |title=Route 128: How it developed, and why it's not likely to be duplicated |page=15 |work=New England Business |location=Boston |date=July 1, 1985 |quote=Compton co-founded in 1946 what is believed to be the nation's first venture capital company. ... [He] and a group led by a Harvard professor [Doriot] founded one of the first venture capital companies, American Research & Development Corp.}}</ref> In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Liaison Program: About Us |publisher=MIT |year=2011 |url=http://ilp.mit.edu/about.jsp |quote=Established in 1948, the ILP continues ... making industrial connections for MIT. |access-date=2012-11-25 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016005821/http://ilp.mit.edu/about.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a [[Late 1980s recession|declining economy]] by [[technology transfer|transferring]] taxpayer-funded research and technology to international – especially [[Economy of Japan|Japanese]] – firms that were competing with struggling American businesses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDB153FF93AA25751C1A966958260&scp=1&sq=M.I.T.+Deal+with+Japan+Stirs+Fear+on+Competition&st=nyt |title=MIT Deal with Japan Stirs Fear on Competition |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=December 19, 1990 |access-date=June 9, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MIT Criticized for Selling Research to Japanese Firms |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 14, 1989 |first=William |last=Booth}}</ref> On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as [[President's Science Advisory Committee|presidential scientific advisers]] since 1940.{{refn|[[Vannevar Bush]] was the director of the [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] and general advisor to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry Truman]], [[James Rhyne Killian]] was Special Assistant for Science and Technology for Dwight D. Eisenhower, and [[Jerome Wiesner]] advised [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon Johnson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/ostpside-0502.html |title=Nearly half of all US Presidential science advisers have had ties to the Institute |publisher=MIT News Office |date=May 2, 2001 |access-date=March 18, 2007}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} MIT established a Washington Office in 1991 to continue effective [[lobbying]] for research funding and national [[science policy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/dc/ |title=MIT Washington Office |access-date=March 18, 2007 |publisher=MIT Washington Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207103414/http://web.mit.edu/dc/ |archive-date=February 7, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 11, 2001 |title=Hunt Intense for Federal Research Funds: Universities Station Lobbyists in Washington}}</ref> | ||
The [[United States Department of Justice|US Justice Department]] began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed an [[Sherman Antitrust Act|antitrust suit]] against MIT, the eight [[Ivy League]] colleges, and eleven other institutions for allegedly engaging in [[price-fixing]] during their annual "Overlap Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising prospective students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DC1E3CF933A2575BC0A96F948260 |title=Price-Fixing Inquiry at 20 Elite Colleges |work=The New York Times |date=August 10, 1989 |access-date=December 16, 2008 |first=David |last=Johnston}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DB173DF930A25750C0A967958260 |title=23 College Won't Pool Discal Data |last=Chira |first=Susan |date=March 13, 1991 |access-date=December 16, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> While the Ivy League institutions [[consent decree|settled]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D81E38F930A15756C0A967958260 |title=Ivy Universities Deny Price-Fixing But Agree to Avoid It in the Future |work=The New York Times |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=May 23, 1991 |access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> MIT contested the charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.<ref name="Overlap">{{cite news |title=MIT Ruled Guilty in Anti-Trust Case |work=The New York Times |date=September 2, 1992 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DC1439F930A3575AC0A964958260 |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |access-date=July 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1E38F935A15755C0A964958260 |title=Price-Fixing or Charity? Trial of M.I.T. Begins |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=June 26, 1992 |access-date=August 13, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/settlement-0105.html |title=Settlement allows cooperation on awarding financial-aid |publisher=MIT Tech Talk |year=1994 |access-date=March 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC113BF932A15751C1A965958260 |title=MIT Suit Over Aid May Be Settled |first=William |last=Honan |author-link=William Honan |date=December 21, 1993 |access-date=July 16, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> | The [[United States Department of Justice|US Justice Department]] began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed an [[Sherman Antitrust Act|antitrust suit]] against MIT, the eight [[Ivy League]] colleges, and eleven other institutions for allegedly engaging in [[price-fixing]] during their annual "Overlap Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising prospective students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DC1E3CF933A2575BC0A96F948260 |title=Price-Fixing Inquiry at 20 Elite Colleges |work=The New York Times |date=August 10, 1989 |access-date=December 16, 2008 |first=David |last=Johnston}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DB173DF930A25750C0A967958260 |title=23 College Won't Pool Discal Data |last=Chira |first=Susan |date=March 13, 1991 |access-date=December 16, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> While the Ivy League institutions [[consent decree|settled]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D81E38F930A15756C0A967958260 |title=Ivy Universities Deny Price-Fixing But Agree to Avoid It in the Future |work=The New York Times |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=May 23, 1991 |access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> MIT contested the charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.<ref name="Overlap">{{cite news |title=MIT Ruled Guilty in Anti-Trust Case |work=The New York Times |date=September 2, 1992 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DC1439F930A3575AC0A964958260 |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |access-date=July 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1E38F935A15755C0A964958260 |title=Price-Fixing or Charity? Trial of M.I.T. Begins |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=June 26, 1992 |access-date=August 13, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/settlement-0105.html |title=Settlement allows cooperation on awarding financial-aid |publisher=MIT Tech Talk |year=1994 |access-date=March 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC113BF932A15751C1A965958260 |title=MIT Suit Over Aid May Be Settled |first=William |last=Honan |author-link=William Honan |date=December 21, 1993 |access-date=July 16, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> | ||