CargoAdmin, Bureaucrats, Moderators (CommentStreams), fileuploaders, Interface administrators, newuser, Push subscription managers, Suppressors, Administrators
14,662
edits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Difference between revisions
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (view source)
Revision as of 22:15, 21 December 2024
, 21 December 2024Text replacement - "The New York Times" to "The New York Times"
m (Text replacement - "**" to "") |
m (Text replacement - "The New York Times" to "The New York Times") |
||
| Line 222: | Line 222: | ||
Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"), and periodic quizzes or tests. While the pace and difficulty of MIT coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose",<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Boston Globe |date=February 1, 1959 |page=51 |quote='Getting an education at MIT is like drinking from a fire hose' is generally attributed to former President Jerome Wiesner. However, in the 1 February 1959 (p. 51) issue of the Boston Globe, there is the following, "Quoting an MIT student Dr. [Julius] Stratton cited the quickening pace of science and said: 'Getting a technical education today is like getting a drink from a firehose.'"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Leadership and Organizational Culture: New Perspectives on Administrative Theory and Practice |editor=Thomas J. Sergiovanni |editor2=John Edward Corbally |chapter=Leadership as Reflection-in-Action |last=Schön |first=Donald A. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-252-01347-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfjpFezRhuYC&pg=PA59 |page=59 |quote=[In the sixties] Students spoke of their undergraduate experience as "drinking from a fire hose." |access-date=August 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mattuck |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Mattuck |title=The Torch or the Firehose |year=2009 |publisher=MIT OpenCourseWare |page=1 |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-18-004-the-torch-or-the-firehose-a-guide-to-section-teaching-spring-2009/online-publication/}}</ref> the freshmen retention rate at MIT is similar to other research universities.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/freshmen-least-most-likely-return |title=Average Freshmen Retention Rates: National Universities |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some pressure for first-year undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.<ref name="Freshman Year">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/catalog/overv.chap3.html#fre |title=MIT Course Catalog: Freshman Year |publisher=Officer of the Registrar, MIT |access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> (Grading had previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the Class of 2006 to prevent students from [[gaming the system]] by completing required major classes in their freshman year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keuss |first=Nancy |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V120/N50/p-nr_-_real.50f.html |title=The Evolution of MIT's Pass/No Record System |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |volume=120 |issue=50 |date=October 17, 2000 |access-date=September 6, 2010 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094101/http://tech.mit.edu/V120/N50/p-nr_-_real.50f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) Also, freshmen may choose to join alternative learning communities, such as [[Experimental Study Group]], [[Concourse Program at MIT|Concourse]], or Terrascope.<ref name="Freshman Year" /> | Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"), and periodic quizzes or tests. While the pace and difficulty of MIT coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose",<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Boston Globe |date=February 1, 1959 |page=51 |quote='Getting an education at MIT is like drinking from a fire hose' is generally attributed to former President Jerome Wiesner. However, in the 1 February 1959 (p. 51) issue of the Boston Globe, there is the following, "Quoting an MIT student Dr. [Julius] Stratton cited the quickening pace of science and said: 'Getting a technical education today is like getting a drink from a firehose.'"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Leadership and Organizational Culture: New Perspectives on Administrative Theory and Practice |editor=Thomas J. Sergiovanni |editor2=John Edward Corbally |chapter=Leadership as Reflection-in-Action |last=Schön |first=Donald A. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-252-01347-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfjpFezRhuYC&pg=PA59 |page=59 |quote=[In the sixties] Students spoke of their undergraduate experience as "drinking from a fire hose." |access-date=August 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mattuck |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Mattuck |title=The Torch or the Firehose |year=2009 |publisher=MIT OpenCourseWare |page=1 |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-18-004-the-torch-or-the-firehose-a-guide-to-section-teaching-spring-2009/online-publication/}}</ref> the freshmen retention rate at MIT is similar to other research universities.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/freshmen-least-most-likely-return |title=Average Freshmen Retention Rates: National Universities |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some pressure for first-year undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.<ref name="Freshman Year">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/catalog/overv.chap3.html#fre |title=MIT Course Catalog: Freshman Year |publisher=Officer of the Registrar, MIT |access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> (Grading had previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the Class of 2006 to prevent students from [[gaming the system]] by completing required major classes in their freshman year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keuss |first=Nancy |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V120/N50/p-nr_-_real.50f.html |title=The Evolution of MIT's Pass/No Record System |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |volume=120 |issue=50 |date=October 17, 2000 |access-date=September 6, 2010 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094101/http://tech.mit.edu/V120/N50/p-nr_-_real.50f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) Also, freshmen may choose to join alternative learning communities, such as [[Experimental Study Group]], [[Concourse Program at MIT|Concourse]], or Terrascope.<ref name="Freshman Year" /> | ||
In 1969, [[Margaret MacVicar]] founded the [[Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program]] (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT UROP: Basic Information |url=http://web.mit.edu/UROP/basicinfo/index.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> A substantial majority of undergraduates participate.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |access-date=October 6, 2006 |publisher=MIT News Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915023328/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |archive-date=September 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program |url=http://wiki.mitadmissions.org/UROP |publisher=MIT Admissions |access-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> Students often become [[scientific journal|published]], file [[patent application]]s, and/or launch [[startup company|start-up companies]] based upon their experience in UROPs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Use of Undergraduates in Research Is Hailed by M.I.T.; Inventions by Students |newspaper= | In 1969, [[Margaret MacVicar]] founded the [[Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program]] (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT UROP: Basic Information |url=http://web.mit.edu/UROP/basicinfo/index.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> A substantial majority of undergraduates participate.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |access-date=October 6, 2006 |publisher=MIT News Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915023328/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |archive-date=September 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program |url=http://wiki.mitadmissions.org/UROP |publisher=MIT Admissions |access-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> Students often become [[scientific journal|published]], file [[patent application]]s, and/or launch [[startup company|start-up companies]] based upon their experience in UROPs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Use of Undergraduates in Research Is Hailed by M.I.T.; Inventions by Students |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Maeroff |first=Gene I. |date=January 11, 1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V119/N47/UROP_turns_30.47f.html |title=An MIT Original, the Oft Replicated UROP Program Reaches 30 Years |last=Palmer |first=Matthew |date=October 5, 1999 |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |volume=119 |number=47 |access-date=2009-05-08 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094138/http://tech.mit.edu/V119/N47/UROP_turns_30.47f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published ''[[The Hidden Curriculum]],'' arguing that education at MIT was often slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations and that graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For example, organized student groups had compiled "[[History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology#Course "Bibles"|course bibles]]"—collections of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent and unrest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Benson |first=Snyder |title=The Hidden Curriculum |year=1970 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0-262-69043-8 |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=4398&ttype=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922160317/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4398 |archive-date=September 22, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mahoney |first=Matt |title=Unwritten Rules |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/mitnews/427509/unwritten-rules/ |access-date=June 21, 2012 |journal=[[Technology Review]] |date=May 2012}}</ref> | In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published ''[[The Hidden Curriculum]],'' arguing that education at MIT was often slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations and that graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For example, organized student groups had compiled "[[History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology#Course "Bibles"|course bibles]]"—collections of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent and unrest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Benson |first=Snyder |title=The Hidden Curriculum |year=1970 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0-262-69043-8 |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=4398&ttype=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922160317/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4398 |archive-date=September 22, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mahoney |first=Matt |title=Unwritten Rules |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/mitnews/427509/unwritten-rules/ |access-date=June 21, 2012 |journal=[[Technology Review]] |date=May 2012}}</ref> | ||
| Line 277: | Line 277: | ||
In electronics, [[magnetic-core memory]], [[radar]], [[single-electron transistor]]s, and [[inertial guidance]] controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/about/ieee-history.html |title=IEEE History Center: MIT Radiation Laboratory |publisher=IEEE |access-date=June 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="RLE History"/> [[Harold Eugene Edgerton]] was a pioneer in [[high-speed photography]] and [[sonar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Edgerton |first=Harold "Doc" |url=http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography |access-date=November 28, 2009 |title=High Speed Camera |date=November 28, 2009 |archive-date=2010-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207035431/http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/sonar The Edgerton Digital Collections Project] "When a strobe would not do the trick in murky waters, Edgerton began working on sonar techniques to "see" with sound."</ref> [[Claude E. Shannon]] developed much of modern [[information theory]] and discovered the application of [[Boolean logic]] to [[digital circuit]] design theory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/shannon.html |title=MIT Professor Claude Shannon dies; was founder of digital communications |date=February 27, 2001 |publisher=MIT News Office |access-date=October 4, 2010}}</ref> In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to [[Norbert Wiener|cybernetics]], [[Marvin Minsky|artificial intelligence]], [[Joseph Weizenbaum|computer languages]], [[Patrick Winston|machine learning]], [[Rodney Brooks|robotics]], and [[Ronald Rivest|cryptography]].<ref name="RLE History">{{cite web |url=http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/about_history.html |title=Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT: History |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234702/http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/about_history.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guttag |first=John |title=The Electron and the Bit, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1902–2002 |year=2003}}</ref> At least nine [[Turing Award]] laureates and seven recipients of the [[Draper Prize]] in engineering have been or are currently associated with MIT.<ref name=TuringAward>{{cite web |last=Office of the Provost |title=A. M. Turing Award |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/acm-turing.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>Robert N. Noyce, Robert Langer, Bradford W. Parkinson, Ivan A. Getting, Butler W. Lampson, Timothy J. Berners-Lee, Rudolph Kalman</ref> | In electronics, [[magnetic-core memory]], [[radar]], [[single-electron transistor]]s, and [[inertial guidance]] controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/about/ieee-history.html |title=IEEE History Center: MIT Radiation Laboratory |publisher=IEEE |access-date=June 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="RLE History"/> [[Harold Eugene Edgerton]] was a pioneer in [[high-speed photography]] and [[sonar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Edgerton |first=Harold "Doc" |url=http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography |access-date=November 28, 2009 |title=High Speed Camera |date=November 28, 2009 |archive-date=2010-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207035431/http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/sonar The Edgerton Digital Collections Project] "When a strobe would not do the trick in murky waters, Edgerton began working on sonar techniques to "see" with sound."</ref> [[Claude E. Shannon]] developed much of modern [[information theory]] and discovered the application of [[Boolean logic]] to [[digital circuit]] design theory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/shannon.html |title=MIT Professor Claude Shannon dies; was founder of digital communications |date=February 27, 2001 |publisher=MIT News Office |access-date=October 4, 2010}}</ref> In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to [[Norbert Wiener|cybernetics]], [[Marvin Minsky|artificial intelligence]], [[Joseph Weizenbaum|computer languages]], [[Patrick Winston|machine learning]], [[Rodney Brooks|robotics]], and [[Ronald Rivest|cryptography]].<ref name="RLE History">{{cite web |url=http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/about_history.html |title=Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT: History |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234702/http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/about_history.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guttag |first=John |title=The Electron and the Bit, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1902–2002 |year=2003}}</ref> At least nine [[Turing Award]] laureates and seven recipients of the [[Draper Prize]] in engineering have been or are currently associated with MIT.<ref name=TuringAward>{{cite web |last=Office of the Provost |title=A. M. Turing Award |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/acm-turing.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>Robert N. Noyce, Robert Langer, Bradford W. Parkinson, Ivan A. Getting, Butler W. Lampson, Timothy J. Berners-Lee, Rudolph Kalman</ref> | ||
Current and previous physics faculty have won eight [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prizes]],<ref name="IR Nobel">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/nobel.html |title=Nobel Prize |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> four [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|ICTP Dirac Medals]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/dirac.html |title=Dirac Medal |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> and three [[Wolf Prize]]s predominantly for their contributions to subatomic and [[quantum]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=25&cat_title=PHYSICS |title=Prize in Physics |publisher=Wolf Foundation |access-date=October 4, 2010 |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525172450/https://www.webcitation.org/65DR3JlSI?url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp%3Fid=25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Members of the chemistry department have been awarded three [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prizes]] and one Wolf Prize for the discovery of novel syntheses and methods.<ref name="IR Nobel"/> MIT biologists have been awarded six [[Nobel Prize in Medicine|Nobel Prizes]] for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.<ref name="IR Nobel"/> Professor [[Eric Lander]] was one of the principal leaders of the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lander |first1=Eric |title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35057062 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |pmid=11237011 |last2=Linton |first2=LM |last3=Birren |first3=B |last4=Nusbaum |first4=C |last5=Zody |first5=MC |last6=Baldwin |first6=J |last7=Devon |first7=K |last8=Dewar |first8=K |last9=Doyle |first9=M |display-authors=8 |issue=6822 |pages=860–921 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pdf |bibcode=2001Natur.409..860L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eric S. Lander |url=http://www.broadinstitute.org/about/bios/bio-lander.html |publisher=Broad Institute |access-date=June 9, 2008}}</ref> [[Positronium]] atoms,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/deutsch.html |title=Martin Deutsch, MIT physicist who discovered positronium, dies at 85 |date=August 20, 2002 |access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref> synthetic [[penicillin]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Professor John C. Sheehan Dies at 76 |date=April 1, 1992 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1992/sheehan-0401.html |publisher=MIT News Office |access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref> [[Julius Rebek|synthetic self-replicating molecules]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1990/may09/23124.html |title=Self-Reproducing Molecules Reported by MIT Researchers |publisher=MIT News Office |date=May 9, 1990 |access-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516120912/http://w3.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1990/may09/23124.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008}}</ref> and the genetic bases for [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) and [[Huntington's disease]] were first discovered at MIT.<ref name="MIT Firsts">{{cite web |title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531233441/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |archive-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref> [[Jerome Lettvin]] transformed the study of cognitive science with his paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/science/last-rites-for-a-plywood-palace-that-was-a-rock-of-science.html |title=Last Rites for a 'Plywood Palace' That Was a Rock of Science |last=Hilts |first=Philip J. |date=March 31, 1998 |newspaper= | Current and previous physics faculty have won eight [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prizes]],<ref name="IR Nobel">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/nobel.html |title=Nobel Prize |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> four [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|ICTP Dirac Medals]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/dirac.html |title=Dirac Medal |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> and three [[Wolf Prize]]s predominantly for their contributions to subatomic and [[quantum]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=25&cat_title=PHYSICS |title=Prize in Physics |publisher=Wolf Foundation |access-date=October 4, 2010 |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525172450/https://www.webcitation.org/65DR3JlSI?url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp%3Fid=25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Members of the chemistry department have been awarded three [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prizes]] and one Wolf Prize for the discovery of novel syntheses and methods.<ref name="IR Nobel"/> MIT biologists have been awarded six [[Nobel Prize in Medicine|Nobel Prizes]] for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.<ref name="IR Nobel"/> Professor [[Eric Lander]] was one of the principal leaders of the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lander |first1=Eric |title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35057062 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |pmid=11237011 |last2=Linton |first2=LM |last3=Birren |first3=B |last4=Nusbaum |first4=C |last5=Zody |first5=MC |last6=Baldwin |first6=J |last7=Devon |first7=K |last8=Dewar |first8=K |last9=Doyle |first9=M |display-authors=8 |issue=6822 |pages=860–921 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pdf |bibcode=2001Natur.409..860L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eric S. Lander |url=http://www.broadinstitute.org/about/bios/bio-lander.html |publisher=Broad Institute |access-date=June 9, 2008}}</ref> [[Positronium]] atoms,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/deutsch.html |title=Martin Deutsch, MIT physicist who discovered positronium, dies at 85 |date=August 20, 2002 |access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref> synthetic [[penicillin]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Professor John C. Sheehan Dies at 76 |date=April 1, 1992 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1992/sheehan-0401.html |publisher=MIT News Office |access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref> [[Julius Rebek|synthetic self-replicating molecules]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1990/may09/23124.html |title=Self-Reproducing Molecules Reported by MIT Researchers |publisher=MIT News Office |date=May 9, 1990 |access-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516120912/http://w3.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1990/may09/23124.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008}}</ref> and the genetic bases for [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) and [[Huntington's disease]] were first discovered at MIT.<ref name="MIT Firsts">{{cite web |title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531233441/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |archive-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref> [[Jerome Lettvin]] transformed the study of cognitive science with his paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/science/last-rites-for-a-plywood-palace-that-was-a-rock-of-science.html |title=Last Rites for a 'Plywood Palace' That Was a Rock of Science |last=Hilts |first=Philip J. |date=March 31, 1998 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 4, 2010}}</ref> Researchers developed a system to convert MRI scans into 3D printed physical models.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hardesty |first=Larry |url=https://news.mit.edu/2015/3-d-printed-heart-models-surgery-0917.html |title=Personalized Heart model |date=September 17, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref> | ||
In the domain of humanities, arts, and social sciences, as of October 2019 MIT economists have been awarded seven [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prizes]] and nine [[John Bates Clark Medal]]s.<ref name="IR Nobel"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/clark.html |title=John Bates Clark Medal |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> Linguists [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]] authored seminal texts on [[generative grammar]] and [[phonology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies |last=Fox |first=Margalit |author-link=Margalit Fox |date=December 5, 1998 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EEDB113BF936A35751C1A96E958260 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/20/society.politics |title=Conscience of a nation |work=The Guardian |date=January 20, 2001 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |last=Jaggi |first=Maya |author-link=Maya Jaggi |location=London}}</ref> The [[MIT Media Lab]], founded in 1985 within the [[MIT School of Architecture and Planning|School of Architecture and Planning]] and known for its unconventional research,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2002/01/08/0108medialab.html |title=MIT Media Lab Tightens Its Belt |last=Herper |first=Matthew |date=January 8, 2002 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=M.I.T. Media Lab at 15: Big Ideas, Big Money |date=April 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/09/technology/09MITT.html |first=Lisa |last=Guernsey}}</ref> has been home to influential researchers such as [[Constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist]] educator and [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]] creator [[Seymour Papert]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/07/12/in_search_of_a_beautiful_mind/ |title=In Search of A Beautiful Mind |last=Matchan |first=Linda |date=July 12, 2008 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> | In the domain of humanities, arts, and social sciences, as of October 2019 MIT economists have been awarded seven [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prizes]] and nine [[John Bates Clark Medal]]s.<ref name="IR Nobel"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/clark.html |title=John Bates Clark Medal |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, MIT |access-date=December 31, 2008}}</ref> Linguists [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]] authored seminal texts on [[generative grammar]] and [[phonology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies |last=Fox |first=Margalit |author-link=Margalit Fox |date=December 5, 1998 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EEDB113BF936A35751C1A96E958260 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/20/society.politics |title=Conscience of a nation |work=The Guardian |date=January 20, 2001 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |last=Jaggi |first=Maya |author-link=Maya Jaggi |location=London}}</ref> The [[MIT Media Lab]], founded in 1985 within the [[MIT School of Architecture and Planning|School of Architecture and Planning]] and known for its unconventional research,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2002/01/08/0108medialab.html |title=MIT Media Lab Tightens Its Belt |last=Herper |first=Matthew |date=January 8, 2002 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=M.I.T. Media Lab at 15: Big Ideas, Big Money |date=April 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/09/technology/09MITT.html |first=Lisa |last=Guernsey}}</ref> has been home to influential researchers such as [[Constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist]] educator and [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]] creator [[Seymour Papert]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/07/12/in_search_of_a_beautiful_mind/ |title=In Search of A Beautiful Mind |last=Matchan |first=Linda |date=July 12, 2008 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> | ||
| Line 428: | Line 428: | ||
MIT enrolled 4,602 undergraduates and 6,972 graduate students in 2018–2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://registrar.mit.edu/stats-reports/enrollment-statistics-year/all |title=Enrollment statistics {{!}} MIT Registrar |website=registrar.mit.edu |language=en |access-date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> Undergraduate and graduate students came from all 50 US states as well as from 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/registrar/stats/geo/index.html |title=Geographic Distribution of Students |year=2009–2010 |publisher=Office of the Registrar, MIT |access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref> | MIT enrolled 4,602 undergraduates and 6,972 graduate students in 2018–2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://registrar.mit.edu/stats-reports/enrollment-statistics-year/all |title=Enrollment statistics {{!}} MIT Registrar |website=registrar.mit.edu |language=en |access-date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> Undergraduate and graduate students came from all 50 US states as well as from 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/registrar/stats/geo/index.html |title=Geographic Distribution of Students |year=2009–2010 |publisher=Office of the Registrar, MIT |access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref> | ||
MIT received 33,240 applications for admission to the undergraduate Class of 2025: it admitted 1,365 (4.1 percent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Admission Statistics |url=https://mitadmissions.org/apply/process/stats/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=MIT Admissions |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, 29,114 applications were received for graduate and advanced degree programs across all departments; 3,670 were admitted (12.6 percent) and 2,312 enrolled (63 percent).<ref name="Admission">{{cite journal |date=January 2019 |title=MIT facts: Admission to MIT |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/admission.html |journal=MIT Bulletin |volume=144 |issue=4}}</ref> In August 2024, after the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] overruled race-based [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] in ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]]'' (2023), the university reported that for the class of 2028, Black and Latino student enrollment decreased from previous averages to 5 and 11 percent, respectively, while [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] enrollment increased to 47 percent.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hartocollis |first1=Anemona |last2=Saul |first2=Stephanie |date=2024-08-21 |title=At M.I.T., Black and Latino Enrollment Drops Sharply After Affirmative Action Ban |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/21/us/mit-black-latino-enrollment-affirmative-action.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |work= | MIT received 33,240 applications for admission to the undergraduate Class of 2025: it admitted 1,365 (4.1 percent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Admission Statistics |url=https://mitadmissions.org/apply/process/stats/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=MIT Admissions |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, 29,114 applications were received for graduate and advanced degree programs across all departments; 3,670 were admitted (12.6 percent) and 2,312 enrolled (63 percent).<ref name="Admission">{{cite journal |date=January 2019 |title=MIT facts: Admission to MIT |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/admission.html |journal=MIT Bulletin |volume=144 |issue=4}}</ref> In August 2024, after the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] overruled race-based [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] in ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]]'' (2023), the university reported that for the class of 2028, Black and Latino student enrollment decreased from previous averages to 5 and 11 percent, respectively, while [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] enrollment increased to 47 percent.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hartocollis |first1=Anemona |last2=Saul |first2=Stephanie |date=2024-08-21 |title=At M.I.T., Black and Latino Enrollment Drops Sharply After Affirmative Action Ban |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/21/us/mit-black-latino-enrollment-affirmative-action.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maglione |first1=Francesca |last2=Lorin |first2=Janet |date=2024-08-21 |title=MIT's Drop in Black Students Shows Fallout From Top Court Ruling |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-21/mit-reports-drop-in-black-student-enrollment-for-incoming-class |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Undergraduate tuition and fees for 2019–2020 was $53,790 for nine months. 59% of students were awarded a need-based MIT scholarship. Graduate tuition and fees for 2019–2020 was also $53,790 for nine months, and summer tuition was $17,800. Financial support for graduate students are provided in large part by individual departments. They include fellowships, traineeships, teaching and research assistantships, and loans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuition and financial aid |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/tuition.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The annual increase in expenses had led to a student tradition (dating back to the 1960s) of tongue-in-cheek "tuition riots".<ref name="Tuition Riot">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |title=Tuition hike provokes student riot |date=January 14, 1966 |last=Bolotin |first=Mark |volume=85 |issue=32 |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V85/PDF/N32.pdf |access-date=2010-08-26 |archive-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925064936/http://tech.mit.edu/V85/PDF/N32.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Undergraduate tuition and fees for 2019–2020 was $53,790 for nine months. 59% of students were awarded a need-based MIT scholarship. Graduate tuition and fees for 2019–2020 was also $53,790 for nine months, and summer tuition was $17,800. Financial support for graduate students are provided in large part by individual departments. They include fellowships, traineeships, teaching and research assistantships, and loans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuition and financial aid |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/tuition.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The annual increase in expenses had led to a student tradition (dating back to the 1960s) of tongue-in-cheek "tuition riots".<ref name="Tuition Riot">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |title=Tuition hike provokes student riot |date=January 14, 1966 |last=Bolotin |first=Mark |volume=85 |issue=32 |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V85/PDF/N32.pdf |access-date=2010-08-26 |archive-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925064936/http://tech.mit.edu/V85/PDF/N32.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| Line 470: | Line 470: | ||
MIT alumni played a significant role in the creation of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] and [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]. [[Carroll Wilson]] (a student and professor at MIT) served as the first General Manager of the Atomic Energy Commission. [[John Deutch]] served as Under Secretary of Energy for [[President Carter]]; [[William Flynn Martin|William F. Martin]] served as Deputy Secretary of Energy for [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Ernest Moniz]] served as Secretary of Energy for [[President Obama]]. Indeed, modern post World War II history has been influenced by MIT and its alumni in the fields of nuclear energy and high energy physics. | MIT alumni played a significant role in the creation of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] and [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]. [[Carroll Wilson]] (a student and professor at MIT) served as the first General Manager of the Atomic Energy Commission. [[John Deutch]] served as Under Secretary of Energy for [[President Carter]]; [[William Flynn Martin|William F. Martin]] served as Deputy Secretary of Energy for [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Ernest Moniz]] served as Secretary of Energy for [[President Obama]]. Indeed, modern post World War II history has been influenced by MIT and its alumni in the fields of nuclear energy and high energy physics. | ||
Noted alumni in non-scientific fields include author [[Hugh Lofting]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Children's Books and Their Creators |first=Anita |last=Silvey |isbn=0-395-65380-0 |year=1995 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzV5M07MZigC&pg=RA4-PA415}}</ref> sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]], guitarist [[Tom Scholz]] of the band [[Boston (band)|Boston]], the British ''[[BBC]]'' and ''[[ITN]]'' correspondent and political advisor [[David Walter (British journalist and politician)|David Walter]], '' | Noted alumni in non-scientific fields include author [[Hugh Lofting]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Children's Books and Their Creators |first=Anita |last=Silvey |isbn=0-395-65380-0 |year=1995 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzV5M07MZigC&pg=RA4-PA415}}</ref> sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]], guitarist [[Tom Scholz]] of the band [[Boston (band)|Boston]], the British ''[[BBC]]'' and ''[[ITN]]'' correspondent and political advisor [[David Walter (British journalist and politician)|David Walter]], ''The New York Times'' columnist and Nobel Prize-winning economist [[Paul Krugman]], ''[[The Bell Curve]]'' author [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]], [[United States Supreme Court building]] architect [[Cass Gilbert]],<ref name="WDL"> | ||
{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/ |title=Study for Woolworth Building, New York |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=December 10, 1910 |access-date=July 25, 2013}} | {{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/ |title=Study for Woolworth Building, New York |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=December 10, 1910 |access-date=July 25, 2013}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||