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Johns Hopkins University: Difference between revisions
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On his death in 1873, [[Johns Hopkins]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|7000000|1873}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to fund a hospital and university in [[Baltimore]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|title = The Homewood Campus: Its Buildings, Monuments and Sculpture|date = 2010|access-date = March 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226004827/http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|archive-date = February 26, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> | On his death in 1873, [[Johns Hopkins]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|7000000|1873}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to fund a hospital and university in [[Baltimore]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|title = The Homewood Campus: Its Buildings, Monuments and Sculpture|date = 2010|access-date = March 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226004827/http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|archive-date = February 26, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> | ||
At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]],<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States,<ref name="Facts at a Glance"/> and endowment was then the largest in America.<ref name="racial_record"/><!-- from the paywalled article: In 1873 the Harvard University endowment was $2.5 million. Princeton University then had an endowment of $470,000. --> Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent [[abolitionism|abolitionist]], until research done by the school into his [[United States Census]] records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Reexamining the history of our founder|url=https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Office of the President - JHU|archive-date=March 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133832/https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |work= | At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]],<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States,<ref name="Facts at a Glance"/> and endowment was then the largest in America.<ref name="racial_record"/><!-- from the paywalled article: In 1873 the Harvard University endowment was $2.5 million. Princeton University then had an endowment of $470,000. --> Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent [[abolitionism|abolitionist]], until research done by the school into his [[United States Census]] records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Reexamining the history of our founder|url=https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Office of the President - JHU|archive-date=March 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133832/https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214150948/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins.<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became the university's benefactor. [[Milton Eisenhower]], a former university president, once spoke at a convention in [[Pittsburgh]] where the [[master of ceremonies]] introduced him as "President of ''John'' Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in ''Pitt''burgh".<ref name="Cheesecake on the Tart Side"/> | The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins.<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became the university's benefactor. [[Milton Eisenhower]], a former university president, once spoke at a convention in [[Pittsburgh]] where the [[master of ceremonies]] introduced him as "President of ''John'' Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in ''Pitt''burgh".<ref name="Cheesecake on the Tart Side"/> | ||
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====Freedom of speech==== | ====Freedom of speech==== | ||
On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor [[Matthew D. Green|Matthew Green]] posted a blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of [[NIST]] and [[NSA]] in formulating U.S. [[cryptography]] standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University [[Whiting School of Engineering]].<ref name="GuardianOnTakeDown"/> The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from ''[[The Guardian]]'', '' | On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor [[Matthew D. Green|Matthew Green]] posted a blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of [[NIST]] and [[NSA]] in formulating U.S. [[cryptography]] standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University [[Whiting School of Engineering]].<ref name="GuardianOnTakeDown"/> The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''The New York Times'', and [[ProPublica.org]]. Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to Green.<ref name="DaraKerrOnApology"/> The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community. | ||
==Campuses== | ==Campuses== | ||
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In 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), making it the leading recipient of [[NASA]] [[research and development]] funding.<ref name="JHU_NASA_R&D_2000"/> In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) ranking.<ref name="ascribe_oct09_r&d"/> These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. | In 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), making it the leading recipient of [[NASA]] [[research and development]] funding.<ref name="JHU_NASA_R&D_2000"/> In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) ranking.<ref name="ascribe_oct09_r&d"/> These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. | ||
In 2013, the [[Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships]] program was established by a $250 million gift from [[Michael Bloomberg]]. This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout the nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in [[interdisciplinary]] research and be active in [[undergraduate education]].<ref name=anderson>Anderson, Nick. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-pledges-350-million-to-johns-hopkins-university/2013/01/26/9c0e1a5a-67d6-11e2-93e1-475791032daf_story.html " Bloomberg pledges $350 million to Johns Hopkins University "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-pledges-350-million-to-johns-hopkins-university/2013/01/26/9c0e1a5a-67d6-11e2-93e1-475791032daf_story.html |date=October 2, 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post'', Washington, D.C., January 23, 2013. Retrieved on March 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Barbaro, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html "$1.1 Billion in Thanks From Bloomberg to Johns Hopkins"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611114620/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html |date=June 11, 2017 }}, '' | In 2013, the [[Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships]] program was established by a $250 million gift from [[Michael Bloomberg]]. This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout the nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in [[interdisciplinary]] research and be active in [[undergraduate education]].<ref name=anderson>Anderson, Nick. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-pledges-350-million-to-johns-hopkins-university/2013/01/26/9c0e1a5a-67d6-11e2-93e1-475791032daf_story.html " Bloomberg pledges $350 million to Johns Hopkins University "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-pledges-350-million-to-johns-hopkins-university/2013/01/26/9c0e1a5a-67d6-11e2-93e1-475791032daf_story.html |date=October 2, 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post'', Washington, D.C., January 23, 2013. Retrieved on March 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Barbaro, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html "$1.1 Billion in Thanks From Bloomberg to Johns Hopkins"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611114620/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html |date=June 11, 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', New York, January 26, 2013. Retrieved on March 1, 2015.</ref> Directed by Vice Provost for Research [[Denis Wirtz]], there are currently thirty two Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including three [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Laureates]], eight fellows of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], ten members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and thirteen members of the National Academies.<ref>Johns Hopkins Fact Book. [http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf "Johns Hopkins Fact Book"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226004827/http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf |date=February 26, 2015 }}, ''Johns Hopkins University'', Baltimore, March 1, 2015. Retrieved on May 12, 2015.</ref> | ||
===Research centers and institutes=== | ===Research centers and institutes=== | ||