Army: Difference between revisions

| garrison                      = [[The Pentagon]] <br />{{nowrap|[[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.}}

|[[File:Streamer RW.PNG|200px]] <br />[[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] <br />[[File:Streamer W1812.PNG|200px]] <br />[[War of 1812]] <br />[[File:Streamer MW.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Mexican–American War]] <br />[[File:Streamer CW.PNG|200px]] <br />[[American Civil War|Civil War]] <br />[[File:Streamer IW.PNG|200px]] <br />[[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] <br />[[File:Streamer SC.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Spanish–American War]] <br />[[File:Streamer CRE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[China Relief Expedition]] <br />[[File:Streamer PC.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Philippine–American War]] <br />[[File:Streamer MS.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Mexican Expedition]] <br />[[File:Streamer WWI V.PNG|200px]] <br />[[World War I]] <br />[[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]] <br />[[Bonus Army suppression]] <br />[[File:World War II - American Campaign Streamer (Plain).png|200px]] <br />[[File:Streamer APC.PNG|200px]] <br />[[File:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png|200px]] <br />[[World War II]] <br />[[File:Korean Service Medal - Streamer.png|200px]] <br />[[Korean War]] <br />[[1958 Lebanon crisis]] <br />[[File:Vietnam Service Streamer vector.svg|200px]] <br />[[Vietnam War]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Dominican Civil War]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)|Korean DMZ Conflict]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[US invasion of Grenada|Invasion of Grenada]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFE.PNG|200px]]|[[United States Invasion of Panama|Invasion of Panama]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Unified Task Force|Somali Civil War]] <br />[[File:Streamer SAS.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] <br />[[File:Streamer KC.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Kosovo War]] <br />[[File:Streamer gwotE.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Global War on Terrorism]] <br />[[File:Streamer AFGCS.PNG|200px]] <br />[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] <br />[[File:Iraq Campaign streamer.svg|200px]] <br />[[Iraq War]] <br />[[File:Inherent Resolve Campaign streamer.svg|200px]] [[Operation Inherent Resolve]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=70415 |title=ASSIST-QuickSearch Document Details |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122448/http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=70415 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />[[Battle of Khasham]]

The '''United States Army''' ('''USA''') is the [[Land warfare|land service]] branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. It is one of the eight [[Uniformed services of the United States|U.S. uniformed services]], and is designated as the Army of the [[United States]] in the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref name=Constitution>Article II, section 2, clause 1 of the [[United States Constitution]] (1789). <br />See also [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title10/html/USCODE-2010-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap301-sec3001.htm Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001].</ref> The Army is the oldest branch of the U.S. military and the most senior in order of precedence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Directive 1005.8 |date=31 October 1977|quotation=Subject: "Order of Precedence of Members of Armed Forces of the United States When in Formation" (Paragraph 3. PRESCRIBED PROCEDURE) |url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/dodandmilitaryejournals/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d10058x.htm|website=Permanent.access.gpo.gov|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> It has its roots in the [[Continental Army]], which was formed on 14 June 1775 to fight against the British for independence during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783).<ref name="Army_birth"/> After the Revolutionary War, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army.<ref name="Army_LOC">Library of Congress, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=027/lljc027.db&recNum=166&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A@field%28DOCID%2B@lit%28jc0271%29%29%230270001&linkText=1 Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 27]</ref><ref name=Army_History>{{cite web |date=15 November 2004 |title=Army Birthdays |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |access-date=3 June 2010<!--based on date of introduction; see oldid=365887842--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420124819/http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> The United States Army considers itself a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.<ref name="Army_birth">{{cite web |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |title=14 June: The Birthday of the U.S. Army |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001214256/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |url-status=dead}} an excerpt from Robert Wright, ''The Continental Army''</ref>

[[File:Bataille Yorktown.jpg|thumb|left|The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the [[Siege of Yorktown]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], as depicted in a [[watercolor painting]] by [[H. Charles McBarron Jr.]] (1902-1992) prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state.]]

The [[American Civil War]] was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most [[slave state]]s, located in the southern U.S., formed the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], the [[Confederate States Army]], led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "the North") formed the [[Union Army]], consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tinkler|first1=Robert|title=Southern Unionists in the Civil War|url=http://www.csuchico.edu/inside/current-issue/bigpicture-1.shtml|work=csuchico.edu/|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

In the [[Pacific War]], U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the [[United States Marine Corps]] in capturing the [[Pacific Islands]] from Japanese control. Following the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the [[Army Air Forces]] separated from the army to become the [[United States Air Force]] in September 1947. In 1948, the army was [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregated]] by [[Executive Order 9981|order 9981]] of President [[Harry S. Truman]].

[[File:Exercise Desert Rock I (Buster-Jangle Dog) 003.jpg|thumb|upright|U.S. Army soldiers observing an atomic bomb test of [[Operation Buster-Jangle]] at the [[Nevada Test Site]] during the [[Korean War]]|alt=]]

The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the [[Cold War]]. With the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, [[V Corps (United States)|V]] and [[VII Corps (United States)|VII]], were reactivated under [[Seventh United States Army]] in 1950 and U.S. strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[United Kingdom]], until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] attack.<ref name=PerkinsAOC>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46HlgVPYDQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/-46HlgVPYDQ |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept|last=US Army TRADOC|date=16 September 2015|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|minute 9:00–10:00}}

The [[Vietnam War]] is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of [[The Draft|drafted personnel]], the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in [[South Vietnam]] since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]]. U.S. forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, but they struggled to counter the [[guerrilla war|guerrilla]] hit and run tactics of the communist [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|Viet Cong]] and the [[People's Army of Vietnam|People's Army Of Vietnam (NVA)]].<ref>Woodruff, Mark. ''Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the [[North Vietnamese Army]] 1961–1973'' (Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1999).<!--page#?--></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shidler|first=Derek|title=Vietnam's Changing Historiography: Ngo Dinh Diem and America's Leadership|url=https://www.eiu.edu/historia/Historia2009Shidler.pdf}}</ref>

On 11 September 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks#Pentagon|the Pentagon]] in a [[terrorism|terrorist attack]] when [[American Airlines Flight 77]] commandeered by five [[Al-Qaeda]] [[aircraft hijacking|hijackers]] slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/victims/pentagon.html|title=September 11, 2001 Pentagon Victims|work=patriotresource.com|access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> In response to the 11 September attacks and as part of the [[War on Terror|Global War on Terror]], U.S. and [[NATO]] forces [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|invaded Afghanistan]] in October 2001, displacing the [[Taliban]] government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] in 2003; it served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years, the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to [[counterinsurgency]], resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burnham |first1=Gilbert |last2=Lafta |first2=Riyadh |last3=Doocy |first3=Shannon |last4=Roberts |first4=Les |date=12 October 2006 |title=Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey |url=|journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=368 |issue=9545 |pages=1421–1428 |citeseerx=10.1.1.88.4036 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69491-9 |pmid=17055943 |s2cid=23673934|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf|title=The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006}}&nbsp;{{small|(603&nbsp;KB)}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second ''Lancet'' study.</ref> 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.<ref>597 killed in 2003, [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004, [http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in March 2009, [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903190008/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument|date=3 September 2009}} 676 killed in 2010, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (with the exception of February), [http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184820/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442|date=9 February 2015}} [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145441/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html|date=11 January 2012}} [http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx|date=8 December 2011}}{{cite web |title=239 people killed in Iraq in August and killed by the U.S. Military |url=http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112042255/http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=22 October 2011}} {{cite web |title=Gulf Times – Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper – Gulf/Arab World |url=http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no%3D2%26item_no%3D461485%26version%3D1%26template_id%3D37%26parent_id%3D17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002182259/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}} {{cite web |title=Iraq death toll up sharply in October |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111064434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |archive-date=11 November 2011 |access-date=3 November 2011}} for a total of 26,405 dead.</ref>

[[File:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|Senior American commanders of the [[European theatre of World War II]]. <br />*Seated are (from left to right) Generals [[William H. Simpson]], [[George S. Patton]], [[Carl A. Spaatz]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Omar Bradley]], [[Courtney H. Hodges]], and [[Leonard T. Gerow]] <br />*standing are (from left to right) Generals [[Ralph Francis Stearley|Ralph F. Stearley]], [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], [[Walter Bedell Smith]], [[Otto P. Weyland]], and [[Richard E. Nugent]]]]

In 1941, the "[[Army of the United States]]" was founded to fight World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/139620/americas_entry_into_world_war_ii_remembered_73_years_later|title=America's entry into World War II remembered 73 years later|last=Vergun|first=David|date=December 9, 2014|website=United States Army|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the [[United States Army Reserve]]. The Army of the United States was re-established for the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] and was demobilized upon the suspension of the [[Conscription in the United States|draft]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

|[[File:Arlington National Cemetery Seal.png|20px]] [[Arlington National Cemetery]] and [[United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery|Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/go1475.pdf|title=Designation of Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery as a Direct Reporting Unit|access-date=7 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203015921/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/go1475.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> || Katharine Kelley<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allgov.com/news/top-stories/superintendent-of-arlington-national-cemetery-who-is-kate-kelley-170507?news=860171|title=Who is Kate Kelley?|publisher=allgov.com|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> {{small|''(civilian)''}} || [[Arlington County, Virginia]]