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National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==History==
U.S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until [[World War I]], when [[aerial photography]] became a major contributor to battlefield intelligence. Using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the same target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis and mapmaking.
U.S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until World War I, when [[aerial photography]] became a major contributor to battlefield intelligence. Using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the same target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis and mapmaking.


===Engineer Reproduction Plant (ERP)===
===Engineer Reproduction Plant (ERP)===
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=== National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Dino Brugioni]] -->
=== National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Dino Brugioni]] -->
[[File:NPIC seal.png|thumb|Seal of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)]]
[[File:NPIC seal.png|thumb|Seal of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)]]
Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), a joint project of the [[CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]. NPIC was a component of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology (DDS&T) and its primary function was [[imagery analysis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|title=Thirty ... and thriving|date=December 1, 1991|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|page=1ff|access-date=May 30, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121751/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|archive-date=March 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> NPIC became part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now NGA) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|title=Jan. 18, 1961: National Photographic Interpretation Center|website=www.nga.mil|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702184512/https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, [[President of the United States|President]] Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), a joint project of the [[CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]. NPIC was a component of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology (DDS&T) and its primary function was [[imagery analysis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|title=Thirty ... and thriving|date=December 1, 1991|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|page=1ff|access-date=May 30, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121751/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|archive-date=March 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> NPIC became part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now NGA) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|title=Jan. 18, 1961: National Photographic Interpretation Center|website=www.nga.mil|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702184512/https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>


;Directors of NPIC
;Directors of NPIC
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====Cuban Missile Crisis====
====Cuban Missile Crisis====
{{Main|Cuban Missile Crisis}}{{missing information|the erroneous and corrected geolocation of Cuba|date=November 2021}}
{{Main|Cuban Missile Crisis}}{{missing information|the erroneous and corrected geolocation of Cuba|date=November 2021}}
NPIC first identified the [[Soviet Union]]'s basing of missiles in [[Cuba]] in 1962. By exploiting images from [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] overflights and film from canisters ejected by orbiting [[Corona (satellite)|Corona satellites]],<ref name="NGA history">[https://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf NGA History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320155429/http://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf |date=March 20, 2009 }}, nga.mil</ref> NPIC analysts developed the information necessary to inform U.S. policymakers and influence operations during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. Their analysis garnered worldwide attention when the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]] declassified and made public a portion of the images depicting the Soviet missiles on Cuban soil; [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] presented the images to the [[United Nations Security Council]] on October 25, 1962.
NPIC first identified the Soviet Union's basing of missiles in [[Cuba]] in 1962. By exploiting images from [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] overflights and film from canisters ejected by orbiting [[Corona (satellite)|Corona satellites]],<ref name="NGA history">[https://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf NGA History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320155429/http://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf |date=March 20, 2009 }}, nga.mil</ref> NPIC analysts developed the information necessary to inform U.S. policymakers and influence operations during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. Their analysis garnered worldwide attention when the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]] declassified and made public a portion of the images depicting the Soviet missiles on Cuban soil; [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] presented the images to the [[United Nations Security Council]] on October 25, 1962.


===Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)===
===Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)===
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Additionally, military Service GEOINT Offices (SGOs) liaise with NGA, but belong to their respective [[United States Armed Forces#Service branches|military service branches]] and represent their geospatial intelligence needs.<ref name=Path14.4/> The [[Canadian Armed Forces]] deploys a liaison team to NGA; that team's operations officer also acts as NGA's [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] liaison.<ref name=Path15.1/>
Additionally, military Service GEOINT Offices (SGOs) liaise with NGA, but belong to their respective [[United States Armed Forces#Service branches|military service branches]] and represent their geospatial intelligence needs.<ref name=Path14.4/> The [[Canadian Armed Forces]] deploys a liaison team to NGA; that team's operations officer also acts as NGA's [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] liaison.<ref name=Path15.1/>


NGA is a member of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) and the larger Allied System for Geospatial Intelligence (ASG), which includes [[Anglosphere#Core Anglosphere|close allies]] [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=Path15.1/> The U.S. and those four nations also form the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/enterprise-capacity/chco/chco-related-menus/chco-related-links/recruitment-and-outreach/217-about/organization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=dni.gov|publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence]]}}</ref>
NGA is a member of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) and the larger Allied System for Geospatial Intelligence (ASG), which includes [[Anglosphere#Core Anglosphere|close allies]] [[Canada]], the United Kingdom, [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=Path15.1/> The U.S. and those four nations also form the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/enterprise-capacity/chco/chco-related-menus/chco-related-links/recruitment-and-outreach/217-about/organization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=dni.gov|publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence]]}}</ref>


===Employees===
===Employees===
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