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The '''Office of Science''' is a component of the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE). The Office of Science is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. The Office of Science portfolio has two principal thrusts: direct support of scientific research and direct support of the development, construction, and operation of unique, open-access scientific user facilities that are made available for use by external researchers. | The '''Office of Science''' is a component of the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE). The Office of Science is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. The Office of Science portfolio has two principal thrusts: direct support of scientific research and direct support of the development, construction, and operation of unique, open-access scientific user facilities that are made available for use by external researchers. | ||
The Office of Science manages this research portfolio through six interdisciplinary scientific | The Office of Science manages this research portfolio through six interdisciplinary scientific [[Office of Science#Program offices|program offices]]. | ||
The office is the predominant U.S. federal government sponsor for research in the | The Office of Science also has responsibility for 10 of the 17 [[United States Department of Energy National Laboratories|Department of Energy National Laboratories]].<ref name="aboutOS">[http://science.energy.gov/about/ About the Office of Science], DOE Office of Science website. Retrieved August 5, 2011.</ref> | ||
The office is the predominant U.S. federal government sponsor for research in the physical sciences, including physics, chemistry, computer science, applied mathematics, materials science, nanoscience, and engineering, as well as systems biology and environmental sciences. | |||
The Office of Science makes extensive use of peer review and [[federal advisory committees]] to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priorities, and to determine the very best scientific proposals to support. | |||
{{Official URL (simple)|url=https://science.osti.gov/}} | {{Official URL (simple)|url=https://science.osti.gov/}} | ||
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===Advanced Scientific Computing Research=== | ===Advanced Scientific Computing Research=== | ||
The [[Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research]] (ASCR) supports research and development in | The [[Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research]] (ASCR) supports research and development in applied mathematics, computer science, and integrated network environments. The programs it supports represent the largest and most active computer science research effort within the U.S. federal government.<ref name=aboutASCR>[http://www.science.doe.gov/ascr/About/about.html About ASCR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111213632/http://www.science.doe.gov/ascr/About/about.html |date=2010-11-11 }}, Office of Science website. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref> | ||
Supercomputer facilities supported by ASCR include the | |||
* [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]] (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, and | * [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]] (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, and | ||
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* [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in Illinois. | * [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in Illinois. | ||
The ASCR supports the [[Energy Sciences Network]] (ESnet), which interconnects more than 40 DOE sites at speeds up to 100 | The ASCR supports the [[Energy Sciences Network]] (ESnet), which interconnects more than 40 DOE sites at speeds up to 100 gigabits per second. | ||
ESnet is a successor to a network that the Office of Science created in 1974 to connect geographically dispersed researchers through a single network. In the 1980s the Office of Science collaborated with [[DARPA]], [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] and [[NASA]] to convert the agencies' separate networks into a single integrated communications network that became the basis for the commercial | ESnet is a successor to a network that the Office of Science created in 1974 to connect geographically dispersed researchers through a single network. In the 1980s the Office of Science collaborated with [[DARPA]], [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] and [[NASA]] to convert the agencies' separate networks into a single integrated communications network that became the basis for the commercial Internet.<ref name=AandA>[http://www.science.doe.gov/Accomplishments_Awards/index.htm Accomplishments and Awards], DOE Office of Science website. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref> | ||
===Biological and Environmental Research=== | ===Biological and Environmental Research=== | ||
The [[Office of Biological and Environmental Research]] (BER) supports research and scientific user facilities in the biological and environmental sciences to support DOE's missions in energy, environment, and basic research. BER initiated the [[Human Genome Project]] in 1986 and has continued to support activity in | The [[Office of Biological and Environmental Research]] (BER) supports research and scientific user facilities in the biological and environmental sciences to support DOE's missions in energy, environment, and basic research. BER initiated the [[Human Genome Project]] in 1986 and has continued to support activity in genomics-based systems biology and initiatives related to biotechnology applications.<ref name=OBERtop/><ref name=OBERabout/> The [[Joint Genome Institute]], formed in 1997, initially conducted sequencing of human DNA in support of the Human Genome Project. Its current focus is on sequencing the genomes of microbes, microbial communities, fungi, plants, and other organisms.<ref>[http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/BSSD/jgi.html Joint Genome Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207050115/http://www.sc.doe.gov/ober/BSSD/jgi.html |date=2010-12-07 }}, Office of Biological & Environmental Research website. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref> | ||
Environmental efforts include research on the | Environmental efforts include research on the global carbon cycle and possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change.<ref name=OBERtop>[http://www.science.doe.gov/ober/ober_top.html Office of Biological & Environmental Research website]. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref><ref name=OBERabout>[http://www.science.doe.gov/ober/about.html About BER], Office of Biological & Environmental Research website. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref> When it started in 1978, BER's [[Climate Change Research Program]] was the first U.S. research program to investigate the effects of greenhouse gases on climate and environment. The Office of Science climate change research program is now the third largest in the U.S.<ref name=AandA/> | ||
===Fusion Energy Sciences=== | ===Fusion Energy Sciences=== | ||
The Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) organization supports efforts to expand the fundamental understanding of | The Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) organization supports efforts to expand the fundamental understanding of plasma physics and the knowledge needed to develop a fusion energy source.<ref>[http://www.science.doe.gov/ofes/ DOE Office of Science – Homepage]. Science.doe.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-15.</ref> This organization supports U.S. participation in the [[ITER]] project through the [[U.S. ITER Project Office]], a partnership of [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] and [[Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory]].<ref>[http://www.science.doe.gov/ofes/ITER.html DOE Office of Science OFES – Homepage]. Science.doe.gov (2003-01-30). Retrieved on 2010-12-15.</ref> | ||
== Research funding == | == Research funding == | ||
More than 90 percent of the Office of Science budget is allocated to research and scientific facilities.<ref name=AAASupdate2009>[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doe09s.htm AAAS R&D Funding Update on DOE R&D in FY 2009 Senate Appropriations – Senate Boosts DOE Science and Energy R&D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128010753/http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doe09s.htm |date=2010-11-28 }}, retrieved from AAAS Science and Policy Programs website on December 12, 2010</ref> The fundamental research areas in which the Office of Science has programs include physics and other basic energy sciences, biological and environmental sciences, and computational science. Support is provided for research activities in the national laboratories and universities. The office is the principal (or the single largest) source of U.S. federal government support for research in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, fusion energy, materials science, and chemical sciences. The Office of Science is estimated to provide 40 percent of the funding for basic research in the physical sciences in the United States. It is also a major source of funding for government-supported research in climate change, geophysics, genomics, life sciences, and science education.<ref name=aboutOS/> | More than 90 percent of the Office of Science budget is allocated to research and scientific facilities.<ref name=AAASupdate2009>[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doe09s.htm AAAS R&D Funding Update on DOE R&D in FY 2009 Senate Appropriations – Senate Boosts DOE Science and Energy R&D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128010753/http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doe09s.htm |date=2010-11-28 }}, retrieved from AAAS Science and Policy Programs website on December 12, 2010</ref> The fundamental research areas in which the Office of Science has programs include physics and other basic energy sciences, biological and environmental sciences, and computational science. Support is provided for research activities in the national laboratories and universities. The office is the principal (or the single largest) source of U.S. federal government support for research in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, fusion energy, materials science, and chemical sciences. The Office of Science is estimated to provide 40 percent of the funding for basic research in the physical sciences in the United States. It is also a major source of funding for government-supported research in climate change, geophysics, genomics, life sciences, and science education.<ref name=aboutOS/> | ||
In | In constant dollars, Office of Science annual budgets for Basic Energy Science and Advanced Scientific Computing nearly doubled between fiscal years 1996 and 2009. Budgets for High Energy Physics and Biological and Energy Research remained relatively constant through that 14-year period. Nuclear Physics and Fusion Energy Sciences budgets were relatively static through most of the period, but had substantial increases in fiscal 2009.<ref>[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doeosprog09p.pdf DOE Office of Science Programs, FY 1996–2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101223701/http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/doeosprog09p.pdf |date=2011-01-01 }}, retrieved from AAAS Science and Policy Programs website on December 12, 2010</ref> The increase in the Fusion budget reinstated the U.S. contribution to ITER, which was reduced significantly in the previous year.<ref name=AAASupdate2009/> | ||
==Mission== | ==Mission== | ||
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The Office of Science employs approximately 6,000 people, including scientists, engineers, and support staff.<ref>Unknown (January 25, 2025). [https://twitter.com/Fludded "Office of Science | Department of Energy"]. X.</ref> | The Office of Science employs approximately 6,000 people, including scientists, engineers, and support staff.<ref>Unknown (January 25, 2025). [https://twitter.com/Fludded "Office of Science | Department of Energy"]. X.</ref> | ||
==List of programs== | ==List of programs== | ||
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===Accomplishments and awards=== | ===Accomplishments and awards=== | ||
DOE lists 76 | DOE lists 76 Nobel Prize winners as having been associated with Office of Science programs or facilities under DOE and its predecessor agencies.<ref>[http://www.er.doe.gov/Accomplishments_Awards/Heroes/heroes.htm DOE Nobel Laureates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117064143/http://www.er.doe.gov/Accomplishments_Awards/Heroes/heroes.htm |date=2010-11-17 }}, DOE Office of Science website. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</ref> | ||
== Organization == | == Organization == | ||
The Office of Science is led by a [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation#Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resoruces|Presidentially-nominated, Senate-confirmed Director]] and three senior career federal Deputy Directors.<ref name="Leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/science/leadership |title=Leadership |website=[[United States Department of Energy|DoE]] Office of Science |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] |access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref> | The Office of Science is led by a [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation#Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resoruces|Presidentially-nominated, Senate-confirmed Director]] and three senior career federal Deputy Directors.<ref name="Leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/science/leadership |title=Leadership |website=[[United States Department of Energy|DoE]] Office of Science |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] |access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||