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Department of State: Difference between revisions
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In 1903, the Bureau of Foreign Commerce was transferred to the newly created [[United States Department of Commerce and Labor|Department of Commerce and Labor]], and the bureau was replaced by an office to facilitate the transfer of information between consular offices and the new department. The Passport Bureau was restored the same year, and its name was changed to the Bureau of Citizenship in 1907.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=229-230}} The department underwent a major reform in 1909 when Congress expanded its funding. Separate divisions were established within the Department for Latin American Affairs, Far Eastern Affairs, Near Eastern Affairs, Western European Affairs, and Information.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=231}} An additional Division of Mexican Affairs was established in 1915.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=232}} The Bureau of Trade Relations was abolished in 1912 and replaced by an Office of Foreign Trade Advisers, and the Office of the Adviser on Commercial Treaties was split from this office in 1916.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=232}} | In 1903, the Bureau of Foreign Commerce was transferred to the newly created [[United States Department of Commerce and Labor|Department of Commerce and Labor]], and the bureau was replaced by an office to facilitate the transfer of information between consular offices and the new department. The Passport Bureau was restored the same year, and its name was changed to the Bureau of Citizenship in 1907.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=229-230}} The department underwent a major reform in 1909 when Congress expanded its funding. Separate divisions were established within the Department for Latin American Affairs, Far Eastern Affairs, Near Eastern Affairs, Western European Affairs, and Information.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=231}} An additional Division of Mexican Affairs was established in 1915.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=232}} The Bureau of Trade Relations was abolished in 1912 and replaced by an Office of Foreign Trade Advisers, and the Office of the Adviser on Commercial Treaties was split from this office in 1916.{{Sfn|Short|1923|p=232}} | ||
During | During World War I, the Bureau of Citizenship was tasked with vetting every person who entered or departed from the United States to ensure public safety. New branches of the Bureau of Citizenship were opened in New York and San Francisco. In the final months of World War I, the Bureau of Citizenship was split into the Division of Passport Control and the Visa Office. Other changes made during World War I include the conversion of the Division of Information into the Division of Foreign Intelligence in 1917 and the establishment of the Correspondence Bureau in 1918.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=232-233}} The Division of Russian Affairs was established in 1919, and the Division of Political Information was established in 1920. The Department of State underwent its first major overhaul with the [[Rogers Act|Rogers Act of 1924]], which merged the diplomatic and consular services into the [[United States Foreign Service|Foreign Service]], a professionalized personnel system under which the [[United States Secretary of State|secretary of state]] is authorized to assign [[diplomat]]s abroad. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to ensure highly qualified recruits, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service, which advises the Secretary of State on managing the Foreign Service, and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, which administers the examination process. | ||
The post-Second World War period saw an unprecedented increase in funding and staff commensurate with the US's emergence as a superpower and its competition with the Soviet Union in the subsequent Cold War.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department History - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory |access-date=November 26, 2020 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122192219/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, the number of domestic and overseas employees grew from roughly 2,000 in 1940 to over 13,000 in 1960.<ref name=":0" /> | The post-Second World War period saw an unprecedented increase in funding and staff commensurate with the US's emergence as a superpower and its competition with the Soviet Union in the subsequent Cold War.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department History - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory |access-date=November 26, 2020 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122192219/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, the number of domestic and overseas employees grew from roughly 2,000 in 1940 to over 13,000 in 1960.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
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* Keeping the public informed about US foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials. | * Keeping the public informed about US foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials. | ||
* Providing [[diplomatic license plates in the United States|automobile registration]] for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having [[diplomatic immunity]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/150546.pdf |page=15 |title=Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities |date=July 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2012 |author=United States Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security |publisher=United States Department of State |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230201605/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/150546.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | * Providing [[diplomatic license plates in the United States|automobile registration]] for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having [[diplomatic immunity]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/150546.pdf |page=15 |title=Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities |date=July 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2012 |author=United States Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security |publisher=United States Department of State |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230201605/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/150546.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[File:Secretary Blinken Delivers Remarks to the Media (50882627067).jpg|thumb|Secretary of State | [[File:Secretary Blinken Delivers Remarks to the Media (50882627067).jpg|thumb|Secretary of State Antony Blinken delivers remarks to the media]] | ||
The Department of State conducts these activities with a civilian workforce, and normally uses the Foreign Service personnel system for positions that require service abroad. Employees may be assigned to diplomatic missions abroad to represent the United States, analyze and report on political, economic, and social trends; adjudicate visas; and respond to the needs of US citizens abroad. | The Department of State conducts these activities with a civilian workforce, and normally uses the Foreign Service personnel system for positions that require service abroad. Employees may be assigned to diplomatic missions abroad to represent the United States, analyze and report on political, economic, and social trends; adjudicate visas; and respond to the needs of US citizens abroad. | ||
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== Headquarters == | == Headquarters == | ||
[[File:Harry S. Truman Building.jpg|thumb|Harry S. Truman Building (formerly Main State Building), headquarters of the U.S. Department of State since May 1947.]] | [[File:Harry S. Truman Building.jpg|thumb|Harry S. Truman Building (formerly Main State Building), headquarters of the U.S. Department of State since May 1947.]] | ||
[[File:Secretary Blinken Introduces President Biden and Vice President Harris (50909235756).jpg|thumb|Secretary of State | [[File:Secretary Blinken Introduces President Biden and Vice President Harris (50909235756).jpg|thumb|Secretary of State Antony Blinken delivers remarks with President [[Joe Biden]] and Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] at the State Department headquarters, February 2021]] | ||
From 1790 to 1800, the State Department was headquartered in | From 1790 to 1800, the State Department was headquartered in Philadelphia, the [[List of capitals in the United States|national capital]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buildings of the Department of State - Buildings - Department History - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section2 |access-date=November 26, 2020 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202081443/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section2 |url-status=live }}</ref> It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Street.<ref name="Plischke">Plischke, Elmer. ''U.S. Department of State: A Reference History.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 45.</ref>{{NoteTag|For a short period, during which a [[yellow fever]] epidemic ravaged the city, it resided in the [[New Jersey State House]] in [[Trenton, New Jersey]].}} In 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., where it briefly occupied the [[Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)|Treasury Building]]<ref name="Plischke" /> and then the [[Seven Buildings]] at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue.<ref>Tinkler, Robert. ''James Hamilton of South Carolina.'' Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2004, p. 52.</ref> | ||
The State Department moved several times throughout the capital in the ensuing decades, including six buildings in September 1800;<ref>Burke, Lee H. and Patterson, Richard Sharpe. ''Homes of the Department of State, 1774–1976: The Buildings Occupied by the Department of State and Its Predecessors.'' Washington, D.C.: US. Government Printing Office, 1977, p. 27.</ref> the War Office Building west of the White House the following May;<ref name="Michael">Michael, William Henry. ''History of the Department of State of the United States: Its Formation and Duties, Together With Biographies of Its Present Officers and Secretaries From the Beginning.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901, p. 12.</ref> the Treasury Building once more from September 1819 to November 1866;<ref>Burke and Patterson, p. 37.</ref>{{NoteTag|Except for a period between September 1814 to April 1816, during which it occupied a structure at G and 18th Streets NW while the Treasury Building was repaired.}}<ref name="Michael" /> the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875;<ref>Burke and Patterson, 1977, p. 41.</ref> and the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building|State, War, and Navy Building]] in 1875.<ref>Plischke, p. 467.</ref> | The State Department moved several times throughout the capital in the ensuing decades, including six buildings in September 1800;<ref>Burke, Lee H. and Patterson, Richard Sharpe. ''Homes of the Department of State, 1774–1976: The Buildings Occupied by the Department of State and Its Predecessors.'' Washington, D.C.: US. Government Printing Office, 1977, p. 27.</ref> the War Office Building west of the White House the following May;<ref name="Michael">Michael, William Henry. ''History of the Department of State of the United States: Its Formation and Duties, Together With Biographies of Its Present Officers and Secretaries From the Beginning.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901, p. 12.</ref> the Treasury Building once more from September 1819 to November 1866;<ref>Burke and Patterson, p. 37.</ref>{{NoteTag|Except for a period between September 1814 to April 1816, during which it occupied a structure at G and 18th Streets NW while the Treasury Building was repaired.}}<ref name="Michael" /> the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875;<ref>Burke and Patterson, 1977, p. 41.</ref> and the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building|State, War, and Navy Building]] in 1875.<ref>Plischke, p. 467.</ref> | ||
Since May 1947, the State Department has been based in the [[Harry S. Truman Building]], which originally was intended to house the Department of Defense; it has since undergone several expansions and renovations, most recently in 2016.<ref>Sernovitz, Daniel J. (October 10, 2014)."State Department's Truman Building to Get Multimillion-Dollar Makeover". ''Washington Business Journal''.</ref> Previously known as the "Main State Building"'','' in September 2000 it was renamed in honor of [[President of the United States|President]] | Since May 1947, the State Department has been based in the [[Harry S. Truman Building]], which originally was intended to house the Department of Defense; it has since undergone several expansions and renovations, most recently in 2016.<ref>Sernovitz, Daniel J. (October 10, 2014)."State Department's Truman Building to Get Multimillion-Dollar Makeover". ''Washington Business Journal''.</ref> Previously known as the "Main State Building"'','' in September 2000 it was renamed in honor of [[President of the United States|President]] Harry S. Truman, who was a major proponent of internationalism and diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2004 |title=CNN.com - State Department headquarters named for Harry S. Truman - September 22, 2000 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/22/truman.building.ap/index.html |access-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208101632/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/22/truman.building.ap/index.html |archive-date=December 8, 2004}}</ref> | ||
As the DOS is located in the [[Foggy Bottom]] neighborhood of Washington, it is sometimes [[metonym]]ically referred to as "Foggy Bottom".<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Foggy%20Bottom |title=Definition of Foggy Bottom |dictionary=The American Heritage Dictionary |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185319/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Foggy%20Bottom |archive-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Carmine">Alex Carmine. (2009.) ''Dan Brown's The Lost Symbol: The Ultimate Unauthorized and Independent Reading Guide'', Punked Books, p. 37. {{ISBN|9781908375018}}.</ref><ref name="Mowbray">Joel Mowbray. (2003.) ''Dangerous Diplomacy: How the State Department Threatens America's Security'', Regnery Publishing, p. 11. {{ISBN|9780895261106}}.</ref> | As the DOS is located in the [[Foggy Bottom]] neighborhood of Washington, it is sometimes [[metonym]]ically referred to as "Foggy Bottom".<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Foggy%20Bottom |title=Definition of Foggy Bottom |dictionary=The American Heritage Dictionary |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185319/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Foggy%20Bottom |archive-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Carmine">Alex Carmine. (2009.) ''Dan Brown's The Lost Symbol: The Ultimate Unauthorized and Independent Reading Guide'', Punked Books, p. 37. {{ISBN|9781908375018}}.</ref><ref name="Mowbray">Joel Mowbray. (2003.) ''Dangerous Diplomacy: How the State Department Threatens America's Security'', Regnery Publishing, p. 11. {{ISBN|9780895261106}}.</ref> | ||