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Richard Nixon: Difference between revisions
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'''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913{{spnd}}April 22, 1994) was the 37th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1969 until [[Resignation of Richard Nixon|his resignation]] in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a [[United States House of Representatives|representative]] and [[United States Senate|senator]] from [[California]] and as the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|His presidency]] saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, ''[[détente]]'' with the | '''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913{{spnd}}April 22, 1994) was the 37th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1969 until [[Resignation of Richard Nixon|his resignation]] in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a [[United States House of Representatives|representative]] and [[United States Senate|senator]] from [[California]] and as the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|His presidency]] saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, ''[[détente]]'' with the Soviet Union and China, the [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing, and the establishment of the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the [[Watergate scandal]]. | ||
Nixon was born into a poor family of [[Quakers]] in [[Yorba Linda]], [[Southern California]]. He graduated from [[Duke University School of Law|Duke Law School]] in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife [[Pat Nixon|Pat]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942 to work for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. After serving active duty in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1946]]. His work on the [[Alger Hiss]] case established his reputation as a leading [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]. In [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950]], he was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]], and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After his loss in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president [[Hubert Humphrey]]. | Nixon was born into a poor family of [[Quakers]] in [[Yorba Linda]], [[Southern California]]. He graduated from [[Duke University School of Law|Duke Law School]] in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife [[Pat Nixon|Pat]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942 to work for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. After serving active duty in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1946]]. His work on the [[Alger Hiss]] case established his reputation as a leading [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]. In [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950]], he was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]], and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After his loss in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president [[Hubert Humphrey]]. | ||
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On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of [[South America]]. In [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached [[Lima]], Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the historical campus of [[National University of San Marcos]], the oldest university in the Americas, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=465–469}} In [[Caracas]], Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and [[Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade|their limousine was attacked]] by a pipe-wielding mob.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=469–479}} According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct "caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect".{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=463}} Reporting to the cabinet after the trip, Nixon claimed there was "absolute proof that [the protestors] were directed and controlled by a central Communist conspiracy." Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] and his brother, [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[Allen Dulles]], both concurred with Nixon.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|authorlink=Stephen G. Rabe|title=Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism|date=1988|publisher=University of North Carolina press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4204-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o2SFNdAiB7UC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> | On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of [[South America]]. In [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached [[Lima]], Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the historical campus of [[National University of San Marcos]], the oldest university in the Americas, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=465–469}} In [[Caracas]], Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and [[Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade|their limousine was attacked]] by a pipe-wielding mob.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=469–479}} According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct "caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect".{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=463}} Reporting to the cabinet after the trip, Nixon claimed there was "absolute proof that [the protestors] were directed and controlled by a central Communist conspiracy." Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] and his brother, [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[Allen Dulles]], both concurred with Nixon.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|authorlink=Stephen G. Rabe|title=Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism|date=1988|publisher=University of North Carolina press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4204-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o2SFNdAiB7UC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> | ||
In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the | In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the [[American National Exhibition]] in Moscow. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet first secretary and premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "[[Kitchen Debate]]".{{sfn|Farrell|pp=1394–1400}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev have a "kitchen debate"|publisher=[[The History Channel]]|accessdate=November 7, 2023|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nixon-and-khrushchev-have-a-kitchen-debate}}</ref> | ||
== 1960 presidential campaign == | == 1960 presidential campaign == | ||