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Twitter: Difference between revisions
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==Finances == | ==Finances == | ||
===Revenue sources=== | ===Revenue sources=== | ||
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to [[Adwords|Google Adwords']] advertising model.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |work= | On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to [[Adwords|Google Adwords']] advertising model.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |work=The Guardian |title=Twitter Unveils 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Plan – Twitter To Let Advertisers Pay for Tweets To Appear in Search Results |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |location=London |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151121/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sara |last=Kimberley |url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ |title=Twitter Debuts 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Platform |publisher=[[MediaWeek]] (U.K. edition) |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=February 5, 2011 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120114952/http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, and an agreement with [[World Entertainment News Network]] (WENN) was announced in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency#update |title=Photo agency's CEO addresses TwitPic controversy |work=[[British Journal of Photography]] |date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=August 17, 2011 |author=Laurent, Olivier |location=London |quote=The deal will give WENN exclusive rights to sell images posted on the TwitPic service. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803071054/http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency |archive-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> Twitter generated an estimated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Ad Revenues to Grow 210% to $139.5 Million in 2011 |url=https://www.emarketer.com/newsroom/index.php/twitter-ad-revenues-grow-210-1395-million-2011/ |access-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509195041/https://www.emarketer.com/newsroom/index.php/twitter-ad-revenues-grow-210-1395-million-2011/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Wasserman |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |title=Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year |publisher=Mashable.com |date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051942/https://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to [[American Express]] card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.<ref name="Zach">{{cite web|first1=Zach|last1=Miners|title=Twitter opens self-service ads to everyone|url=http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|website=CMO|publisher=IDG Communications|access-date=August 18, 2014|date=April 30, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125821/http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231801/http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ |date=December 23, 2017 }}; Wasserman, Todd. March 20, 2012. mashable.com.</ref> In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.<ref name="Zach" /> | In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Wasserman |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |title=Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year |publisher=Mashable.com |date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051942/https://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to [[American Express]] card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.<ref name="Zach">{{cite web|first1=Zach|last1=Miners|title=Twitter opens self-service ads to everyone|url=http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|website=CMO|publisher=IDG Communications|access-date=August 18, 2014|date=April 30, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125821/http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231801/http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ |date=December 23, 2017 }}; Wasserman, Todd. March 20, 2012. mashable.com.</ref> In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.<ref name="Zach" /> | ||
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=== Fines === | === Fines === | ||
Twitter had been fined several times for non-compliance with laws and regulations. On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] and the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' contact details and using them for targeted advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work= | Twitter had been fined several times for non-compliance with laws and regulations. On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] and the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' contact details and using them for targeted advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |access-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711235648/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Zakrzewski | first=Cat | title=Twitter to pay $150 million fine over deceptively collected data | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=May 25, 2022 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/05/25/twitter-fine-ftc/ | access-date=November 17, 2023 | archive-date=November 21, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121041256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/05/25/twitter-fine-ftc/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Technology== | ==Technology== | ||
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In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Twitter Must Establish and Maintain a 'Comprehensive Information Security Program' and Allow Third-Party Review of the Program Biannually for the 10 Years |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083911/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |work=[[InformationWeek]]}}</ref> | In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Twitter Must Establish and Maintain a 'Comprehensive Information Security Program' and Allow Third-Party Review of the Program Biannually for the 10 Years |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083911/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |work=[[InformationWeek]]}}</ref> | ||
After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and '' | After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and ''The Guardian'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Twitter Warns news Organisations Amid Syrian Hacking Attacks |url=http://descrier.co.uk/technology/2013/04/twitter-warns-news-organisations-amid-syrian-hacking-attacks/ |access-date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Descrier}}</ref> in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Twitter adds two-step verification option to help fend off hackers |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-two-step-verification-hackers-20130523,0,5416038.story |access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> | ||
On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |last2=Volz |first2=Dustin |date=July 19, 2020 |title=FBI Investigates Twitter Hack Amid Broader Concerns About Platform's Security |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-investigates-twitter-hack-amid-broader-concerns-about-platforms-security-11594922537 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> | On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |last2=Volz |first2=Dustin |date=July 19, 2020 |title=FBI Investigates Twitter Hack Amid Broader Concerns About Platform's Security |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-investigates-twitter-hack-amid-broader-concerns-about-platforms-security-11594922537 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> | ||
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Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
On December 14, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] issued a [[Twitter subpoena|subpoena directing Twitter]] to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |title=Twitter Subpoena |work=[[Salon.com]]|date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref> Twitter decided to notify its users and said, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."<ref name="Rushe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |title=Icelandic MP Fights US Demand for Her Twitter Account Details |work= | On December 14, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] issued a [[Twitter subpoena|subpoena directing Twitter]] to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |title=Twitter Subpoena |work=[[Salon.com]]|date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref> Twitter decided to notify its users and said, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."<ref name="Rushe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |title=Icelandic MP Fights US Demand for Her Twitter Account Details |work=The Guardian |author=Rushe, Dominic |date=January 8, 2011 |access-date=January 10, 2011 |location=London}}</ref> | ||
In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | ||
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On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 9, 2020 |title=Twitter is fighting election chaos by urging users to quote tweet instead of retweet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/9/21509439/twitter-election-trump-quote-tweet-labels-rules-election |access-date=October 9, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=K. |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Retweets are back to normal as Twitter ends its quote tweet experiment |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/twitter-ends-quote-tweet-experiment-retweets-003202686.html |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 9, 2020 |title=Twitter is fighting election chaos by urging users to quote tweet instead of retweet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/9/21509439/twitter-election-trump-quote-tweet-labels-rules-election |access-date=October 9, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=K. |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Retweets are back to normal as Twitter ends its quote tweet experiment |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/twitter-ends-quote-tweet-experiment-retweets-003202686.html |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | ||
On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses used for [[two-factor authentication|security]] and using them for [[targeted advertising]], required to notify its users, and banned from profiting from "deceptively collected data".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work= | On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses used for [[two-factor authentication|security]] and using them for [[targeted advertising]], required to notify its users, and banned from profiting from "deceptively collected data".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |access-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref> The [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) and the [[Ministry of justice|Department of Justice]] stated that Twitter violated a 2011 agreement not to use personal security data for targeted advertising. | ||
In September 2024, the FTC released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Twitter) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]] to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to [[identity theft]], [[stalking]], unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and [[Digital media use and mental health|mental health issues]], social stigma, and reputational harm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tolentino|first=Daysia|date=September 19, 2024|title=Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Del Valle|first=Gaby|date=September 19, 2024|title=The FTC says social media companies can't be trusted to regulate themselves|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services|year=2024|publisher=Federal Trade Commission|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> | In September 2024, the FTC released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Twitter) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]] to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to [[identity theft]], [[stalking]], unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and [[Digital media use and mental health|mental health issues]], social stigma, and reputational harm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tolentino|first=Daysia|date=September 19, 2024|title=Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Del Valle|first=Gaby|date=September 19, 2024|title=The FTC says social media companies can't be trusted to regulate themselves|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services|year=2024|publisher=Federal Trade Commission|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> | ||
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Twitter had been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the [[April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests|protests over the 2009 Moldovan election]], the [[2009 student protests in Austria]], the 2009 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the 2009 [[Iranian Green Movement|Iranian green revolution]], the 2010 [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|Toronto G20 protests]], the 2010 [[Bolivarian Revolution]], the 2010 [[Stuttgart 21|Stuttgart 21 protests in Germany]], the 2011 [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|Egyptian Revolution]], [[2011 England riots]], the 2011 United States [[Occupy movement]], the 2011 [[anti-austerity movement in Spain]], the 2011 [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece]], the 2011 [[2011 Rome demonstration|demonstration in Rome]], the 2011 [[2011 Wisconsin protests|Wisconsin labor protests]], the 2012 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the [[2013 protests in Brazil]], and the 2013 [[Gezi Park protests|Gezi Park protests in Turkey]].<ref name="Buettner2016a">{{cite conference |title=A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective |author1=Buettner, Ricardo |author2=Buettner, Katharina |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |conference=49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url=http://www.hicss.org |publisher=IEEE |location=Kauai, Hawaii |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4239.9442}}</ref> | Twitter had been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the [[April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests|protests over the 2009 Moldovan election]], the [[2009 student protests in Austria]], the 2009 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the 2009 [[Iranian Green Movement|Iranian green revolution]], the 2010 [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|Toronto G20 protests]], the 2010 [[Bolivarian Revolution]], the 2010 [[Stuttgart 21|Stuttgart 21 protests in Germany]], the 2011 [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|Egyptian Revolution]], [[2011 England riots]], the 2011 United States [[Occupy movement]], the 2011 [[anti-austerity movement in Spain]], the 2011 [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece]], the 2011 [[2011 Rome demonstration|demonstration in Rome]], the 2011 [[2011 Wisconsin protests|Wisconsin labor protests]], the 2012 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the [[2013 protests in Brazil]], and the 2013 [[Gezi Park protests|Gezi Park protests in Turkey]].<ref name="Buettner2016a">{{cite conference |title=A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective |author1=Buettner, Ricardo |author2=Buettner, Katharina |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |conference=49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url=http://www.hicss.org |publisher=IEEE |location=Kauai, Hawaii |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4239.9442}}</ref> | ||
The service was also used as a form of [[civil disobedience]]: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the [[Twitter joke trial]] by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|an airport]] if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport|title=#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker|last=Siddique|first=Haroon|date=November 12, 2010|newspaper= | The service was also used as a form of [[civil disobedience]]: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the [[Twitter joke trial]] by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|an airport]] if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport|title=#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker|last=Siddique|first=Haroon|date=November 12, 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> Another case of civil disobedience happened in the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy|2011 British privacy injunction debate]], where several celebrities who had taken out anonymized injunctions were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/22/scottish-newspaper-identifies-injuction-footballer|title=Scottish newspaper identifies injunction footballer|last1=Gabbatt|first1=Adam|last2=Taylor|first2=Matthew|date=May 22, 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> | ||
==== Governments ==== | ==== Governments ==== | ||
| Line 411: | Line 411: | ||
{{Main|Censorship of Twitter|Deplatforming|Twitter suspensions|December 2022 Twitter suspensions}} | {{Main|Censorship of Twitter|Deplatforming|Twitter suspensions|December 2022 Twitter suspensions}} | ||
[[File:Twitter_censorship_new.svg|thumb|290x290px|Countries and territories which have blocked Twitter:{{ubl|{{legend|#377eb8|Currently blocked}}|{{legend|#41b6c4|Formerly blocked}}|{{legend|#986ba1|Partially blocked}}|{{legend|#c0c0c0|Not blocked}}}}]] | [[File:Twitter_censorship_new.svg|thumb|290x290px|Countries and territories which have blocked Twitter:{{ubl|{{legend|#377eb8|Currently blocked}}|{{legend|#41b6c4|Formerly blocked}}|{{legend|#986ba1|Partially blocked}}|{{legend|#c0c0c0|Not blocked}}}}]] | ||
Twitter is banned completely in Russia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-blocks-facebook-twitter/ |title=Russia blocks Facebook and Twitter access |publisher=CBS News |last=Sganga |first=Nicole |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Iran, China and North Korea<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/05/religion-twitter-and-freedom |title=Religion, Twitter and freedom: A peaceful explosion |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries, including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/30/brazil-suspends-x-musk-moraes/ |title=Brazilian judge orders suspension of X in dispute with Elon Musk |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=McCoy|first1=Therrence | last2=Thadani|first2=Trisha| last3=Dias|first3=Marina| date=August 30, 2024 |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jun/02/twitter-china|title=China blocks Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Hotmail ahead of Tiananmen anniversary|last=Branigan |first=Tania|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-twitter-google-youtube-facebook-blocked-by-government-stop-isis-plotting-1452567|title=Iraq Crisis: Twitter, Google, YouTube and Facebook Blocked by Government to Stop Isis Plotting|work=International Business Times UK|date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-4jun2021">{{cite news |title=Nigeria suspends Twitter after president's tweet was deleted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-after-presidents-tweet-was-deleted |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work= | Twitter is banned completely in Russia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-blocks-facebook-twitter/ |title=Russia blocks Facebook and Twitter access |publisher=CBS News |last=Sganga |first=Nicole |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Iran, China and North Korea<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/05/religion-twitter-and-freedom |title=Religion, Twitter and freedom: A peaceful explosion |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries, including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/30/brazil-suspends-x-musk-moraes/ |title=Brazilian judge orders suspension of X in dispute with Elon Musk |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=McCoy|first1=Therrence | last2=Thadani|first2=Trisha| last3=Dias|first3=Marina| date=August 30, 2024 |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jun/02/twitter-china|title=China blocks Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Hotmail ahead of Tiananmen anniversary|last=Branigan |first=Tania|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-twitter-google-youtube-facebook-blocked-by-government-stop-isis-plotting-1452567|title=Iraq Crisis: Twitter, Google, YouTube and Facebook Blocked by Government to Stop Isis Plotting|work=International Business Times UK|date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-4jun2021">{{cite news |title=Nigeria suspends Twitter after president's tweet was deleted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-after-presidents-tweet-was-deleted |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work=The Guardian |agency=Reuters |date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.twitter.com/2014/challenging-the-access-ban-in-turkey|title=Challenging the access ban in Turkey|via=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-14/twitter-says-venezuela-blocks-its-images-amid-protest-crackdown|title=Venezuelans Blocked on Twitter as Opposition Protests Mount|first=Patricia|last=Laya|work=Bloomberg.com|date=February 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16094646|title=Turkmenistan country profile|work=BBC Monitoring|date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> In 2016, Twitter cooperated with the Israeli government to remove certain content originating outside Israel from tweets seen in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://972mag.com/how-israel-is-trying-to-enforce-gag-orders-beyond-its-borders/121266/|title=How Israel is trying to enforce gag orders beyond its borders|author= Michael Schaeffer Omer-Man|publisher=972 Mag|date=August 9, 2016|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> In the 11th biannual transparency report published on September 19, 2017, Twitter said that Turkey was the first among countries where about 90% of removal requests came from, followed by Russia, France and Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-top-country-seeking-removal-of-content-on-twitter-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=118172&NewsCatID=339|title=Turkey top country seeking removal of content on Twitter: Report|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=September 20, 2017|access-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Twitter stated that between July 1 and December 31, 2018, "We received legal demands relating to 27,283 accounts from 47 different countries, including Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, and Slovenia for the first time."<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey had highest request for content removal on Twitter |url=https://ipa.news/2019/05/11/turkey-had-highest-request-for-content-removal-on-twitter/ |work=IPA News |date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190729/https://ipa.news/2019/05/11/turkey-had-highest-request-for-content-removal-on-twitter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of evidence to a U.S. Senate Enquiry, the company admitted that their systems "detected and hid" several hundred thousand tweets relating to the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4164788/Twitter-testimony-to-Senate-Judiciary-Committee.pdf|title=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism: Testimony of Sean J. Edgett, Acting General Counsel, Twitter Inc.|date=October 31, 2017|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> During the curfew in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] after [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revocation of its autonomous status]] on August 5, 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts accused of spreading anti-India content;<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-tells-twitter-to-block-accounts-inciting-anti-india-content-using-kashmir/story-V10neIY9VmgfI8rLB67Y4N.html |title= Govt tells Twitter to block accounts inciting anti-India content using Kashmir |work= Hindustan Times |date= August 12, 2019}}</ref> by October 25, nearly one million tweets had been removed as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 25, 2019|title=Twitter removes almost 1 million tweets in Kashmir, accused of bowing to Indian censorship|url=https://www.newsweek.com/twitter-removes-almost-1m-tweets-kashmir-accused-bowing-indian-censorship-1467721|access-date=November 5, 2020|website=Newsweek}}</ref> | ||
In March 2022, shortly after [[Censorship of Twitter#Russia 2|Russia's censorship of Twitter]], a Tor [[.onion|onion]] service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Launches Tor Onion Service Making Site Easier to Access in Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dqxd/twitter-tor-onion-service-dark-web-version |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=Vice (magazine)|date=March 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Twitter is launching a Tor service for more secure and private tweeting |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/8/22967843/twitter-tor-onion-service-version-launch |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Verge}}</ref> | In March 2022, shortly after [[Censorship of Twitter#Russia 2|Russia's censorship of Twitter]], a Tor [[.onion|onion]] service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Launches Tor Onion Service Making Site Easier to Access in Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dqxd/twitter-tor-onion-service-dark-web-version |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=Vice (magazine)|date=March 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Twitter is launching a Tor service for more secure and private tweeting |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/8/22967843/twitter-tor-onion-service-version-launch |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Verge}}</ref> | ||