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-'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as '''JFK''', was the 35th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest]] person [[United States presidential election|elected]] president.{{efn|Theodore Roosevelt was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901, in the wake of his predecessor's [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]], but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.<ref name=companionJFK>{{cite book| title=The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy| series=Cambridge Companions to American Studies| editor-last=Hoberek| editor-first=Andrew| date=2015| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=New York| isbn=978-1-107-66316-9| page=1}}</ref>}} Kennedy served at the height of the [[Cold War]], and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]]. A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts]] in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] prior to his presidency.
+'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as '''JFK''', was the 35th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest]] person [[United States presidential election|elected]] president.{{efn|Theodore Roosevelt was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901, in the wake of his predecessor's [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]], but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.<ref name=companionJFK>{{cite book| title=The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy| series=Cambridge Companions to American Studies| editor-last=Hoberek| editor-first=Andrew| date=2015| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=New York| isbn=978-1-107-66316-9| page=1}}</ref>}} Kennedy served at the height of the [[Cold War]], and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and [[Cuba]]. A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts]] in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] prior to his presidency.
 Born into the prominent [[Kennedy family]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], Kennedy graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1940, joining the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] the following year. During [[World War II]], he commanded [[PT boat]]s in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]]. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of [[PT-109]] and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]], but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|a working-class Boston district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the [[U.S. Senate]], serving as the junior [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|senator for Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', which won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]. Kennedy ran in the [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|1960 presidential election]]. His campaign gained momentum after [[1960 United States presidential debates|the first televised presidential debates]] in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]], the incumbent vice president.
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 In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at [[Harvard College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref> He wrote occasionally for ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the [[Hasty Pudding Club]] and the [[Spee Club (Harvard)|Spee Club]], one of Harvard's elite "[[Harvard College social clubs#Origins|final clubs]]".{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=Chuck |title=Jack Kennedy: The Illustrated Life of a President |date=2009 |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |page=25}}</ref>
-In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]], where his father was serving as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=54}} The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Balkans]], and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=93}} He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to [[Czechoslovakia]] before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day that [[Invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]]; the start of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref> Two days later, the family was in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of {{SS|Athenia|1922|6}} before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK - Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=58}}
+In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]], where his father was serving as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=54}} The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the Soviet Union, the [[Balkans]], and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=93}} He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to [[Czechoslovakia]] before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day that [[Invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]]; the start of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref> Two days later, the family was in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of {{SS|Athenia|1922|6}} before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK - Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=58}}
 While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in [[political philosophy]]. He made the [[dean's list]] in his junior year.<ref name="Harvard Presidents">{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ | title = Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees | work = Harvard Gazette | publisher = [[Harvard University]] | date = November 6, 2008 | access-date =February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801190338/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the [[Munich Agreement]]. The thesis was released on July 24, under the title ''[[Why England Slept]]''.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=61–66}} The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=269–270 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an [[Anglo-American alliance]] against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=15–17}}