USApedia

United Nations: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

United Nations (view source)

Revision as of 23:10, 14 March 2025

8 bytes removed ,  14 March
m
Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union"
VisualWikitext
m (Text replacement - "United Kingdom" to "United Kingdom")
m (Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union")
 
Line 67: Line 67:
The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, California, for [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|a conference]] and initialised the drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]], which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting [[human rights]], delivering [[humanitarian aid]], promoting [[sustainable development]], and upholding [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |title=What We Do |website=United Nations |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092127/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At its founding, the UN had 51 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]]; {{As of|lc=yes|2024}}, it has 193 [[sovereign states]], nearly all of the world's recognized sovereign states.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state" />
The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, California, for [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|a conference]] and initialised the drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]], which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting [[human rights]], delivering [[humanitarian aid]], promoting [[sustainable development]], and upholding [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |title=What We Do |website=United Nations |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092127/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At its founding, the UN had 51 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]]; {{As of|lc=yes|2024}}, it has 193 [[sovereign states]], nearly all of the world's recognized sovereign states.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state" />


The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its initial decades due in part to [[Cold War]] tensions that existed between the [[United States]] and [[Soviet Union]] and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed [[United Nations Military Observer|military observers]] and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles.<ref name="our-history">{{cite web |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |title=Our history |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132154/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> UN membership grew significantly following the widespread [[decolonization]] in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 [[trust territories]] that had been monitored by the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |title=Decolonization |website=United Nations |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132046/http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on [[peacekeeping]]. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.<ref name="our-history"/>
The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its initial decades due in part to [[Cold War]] tensions that existed between the [[United States]] and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed [[United Nations Military Observer|military observers]] and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles.<ref name="our-history">{{cite web |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |title=Our history |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132154/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> UN membership grew significantly following the widespread [[decolonization]] in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 [[trust territories]] that had been monitored by the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |title=Decolonization |website=United Nations |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132046/http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on [[peacekeeping]]. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.<ref name="our-history"/>


The UN comprises six principal operational organizations: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[UN Secretariat]], and the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], although the Trusteeship Council has been suspended since 1994. The [[UN System]] includes a multitude of [[specialized agencies]], funds, and programmes, including the [[World Bank Group]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]], [[UNESCO]], and [[UNICEF]]. Additionally, [[non-governmental organization]]s may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.
The UN comprises six principal operational organizations: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[UN Secretariat]], and the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], although the Trusteeship Council has been suspended since 1994. The [[UN System]] includes a multitude of [[specialized agencies]], funds, and programmes, including the [[World Bank Group]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]], [[UNESCO]], and [[UNICEF]]. Additionally, [[non-governmental organization]]s may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.
Line 91: Line 91:
[[File:United Nations organization sketch by Franklin Roosevelt with the Four Policemen in 1943.jpg|thumb|1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The [[Four Policemen]], an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states]]
[[File:United Nations organization sketch by Franklin Roosevelt with the Four Policemen in 1943.jpg|thumb|1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The [[Four Policemen]], an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states]]


The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] on 12 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22 |title=Everyone's United Nations|date=1986|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|page=5|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|date=1989|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|page=421|language=en |access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1941, American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had drafted the [[Atlantic Charter]]; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight [[List of governments in exile during World War II|governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation]], together with the [[Soviet Union]] and representatives of the [[Free French Forces]], unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauren|first=Paul Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1|pages=140–141|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201515/https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 1941|title=Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|access-date=14 August 2013|work=The Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library|archive-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803012648/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] on 12 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22 |title=Everyone's United Nations|date=1986|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|page=5|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|date=1989|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|page=421|language=en |access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1941, American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had drafted the [[Atlantic Charter]]; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight [[List of governments in exile during World War II|governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation]], together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the [[Free French Forces]], unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauren|first=Paul Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1|pages=140–141|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201515/https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 1941|title=Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|access-date=14 August 2013|work=The Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library|archive-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803012648/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>


Roosevelt and Churchill met at the [[White House]] in December 1941 for the [[Arcadia Conference]]. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |title=Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award |publisher=UN Press |date= |accessdate=2022-07-17 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |title=Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States |publisher=UN Press |date= |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and coined the term ''United Nations'' to describe the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|last2=Burns|first2=Ken |date=2014 |publisher=[(Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-385-35306-9 |page=397 |chapter=Nothing to Conceal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Churchill accepted it, noting its use by [[Lord Byron]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=United Nations |url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Wordorigins.org}}</ref> The text of the [[Declaration by United Nations]] was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and [[Harry Hopkins]]. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for [[religious freedom]], which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David |title=The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-989195-5 |pages=172–175 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] USA}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwood|1948|pp=447–453}}
Roosevelt and Churchill met at the [[White House]] in December 1941 for the [[Arcadia Conference]]. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |title=Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award |publisher=UN Press |date= |accessdate=2022-07-17 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |title=Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States |publisher=UN Press |date= |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and coined the term ''United Nations'' to describe the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|last2=Burns|first2=Ken |date=2014 |publisher=[(Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-385-35306-9 |page=397 |chapter=Nothing to Conceal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Churchill accepted it, noting its use by [[Lord Byron]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=United Nations |url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Wordorigins.org}}</ref> The text of the [[Declaration by United Nations]] was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and [[Harry Hopkins]]. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for [[religious freedom]], which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David |title=The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-989195-5 |pages=172–175 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] USA}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwood|1948|pp=447–453}}
Retrieved from ‘https://openusaproject.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/31739’