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Human Genome Project: Difference between revisions
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The ''' Human Genome Project''' ('''HGP''') was an international [[scientific research]] project with the goal of determining the [[base pairs]] that make up human [[DNA]], and of identifying, [[gene mapping|mapping]] and [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] all of the [[gene]]s of the [[human genome]] from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.<ref>{{cite video |people=Harshit Singh |date=2024 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/ |title=Cracking the Code of Life |medium=Television Show |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref> It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|title= Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project – Battelle|access-date= 1 August 2013|archive-date= 23 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121223040215/http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Planning for the project began in 1984 by the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]], and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|website=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)}}</ref> Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with only 0.3% of the bases covered by potential issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHM13 T2T v1.1 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.3|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genome List – Genome – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v2.0 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_009914755.1/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> | The ''' Human Genome Project''' ('''HGP''') was an international [[scientific research]] project with the goal of determining the [[base pairs]] that make up human [[DNA]], and of identifying, [[gene mapping|mapping]] and [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] all of the [[gene]]s of the [[human genome]] from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.<ref>{{cite video |people=Harshit Singh |date=2024 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/ |title=Cracking the Code of Life |medium=Television Show |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref> It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|title= Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project – Battelle|access-date= 1 August 2013|archive-date= 23 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121223040215/http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Planning for the project began in 1984 by the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]], and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|website=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)}}</ref> Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with only 0.3% of the bases covered by potential issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHM13 T2T v1.1 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.3|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genome List – Genome – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v2.0 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_009914755.1/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> | ||
Funding came from the United States government through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the [[Celera Corporation]], or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the [[United States]], the | Funding came from the United States government through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the [[Celera Corporation]], or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the [[United States]], the United Kingdom, [[Japan]], [[France]], [[Germany]], and China,<ref name="genome.gov">{{cite web|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ|work=genome.gov}}</ref> working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC). | ||
The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the complete set of [[nucleotides]] contained in a human [[haploid]] [[reference genome]], of which there are more than three billion. The ''genome'' of any given individual is unique; mapping the ''human genome'' involved sequencing samples collected from a small number of individuals and then assembling the sequenced fragments to get a complete sequence for each of the 23 human chromosome pairs (22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, known as allosomes). Therefore, the finished human genome is a mosaic, not representing any one individual. Much of the project's utility comes from the fact that the vast majority of the human genome is the same in all humans. | The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the complete set of [[nucleotides]] contained in a human [[haploid]] [[reference genome]], of which there are more than three billion. The ''genome'' of any given individual is unique; mapping the ''human genome'' involved sequencing samples collected from a small number of individuals and then assembling the sequenced fragments to get a complete sequence for each of the 23 human chromosome pairs (22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, known as allosomes). Therefore, the finished human genome is a mosaic, not representing any one individual. Much of the project's utility comes from the fact that the vast majority of the human genome is the same in all humans. | ||