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Virginia: Difference between revisions
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The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, about one-fifth of the population.<ref name=race2020/> Virginia was a major destination of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. The [[Igbo American|Igbo]] ethnic group of what is now southern [[Nigeria]] were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinn|2009|p=175}}; {{harvnb|Chambers|2005|pp=10–14}}</ref> Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://psmag.com/news/how-slavery-changed-the-dna-of-african-americans |title= How Slavery Changed the DNA of African Americans |magazine= Pacific Standard |first= Michael |last= White |date= December 20, 2017 |access-date= March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |first1= Katarzyna |last1= Bryc |first2= Eric Y. |last2= Durand |first3= J. Michael |last3= Macpherson |first4= David |last4= Reich |first5= Joanna L. |last5= Mountain |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid= 25529636 |date= January 8, 2015 |volume = 96|issue = 1|pages = 37–53|pmc = 4289685|doi-access= free}}</ref> Though the Black population was reduced by the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks [[New Great Migration|returning south]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |first=William H. |last=Frey |title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 |journal=The Living Cities Census Series |date=May 2004 |pages=1–3 |access-date=September 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103165633/http://www3.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2007}}</ref> The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial marriages in the US]],<ref name=blackwhite>{{cite news|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_107293b2-cb53-5d2f-8b38-aca42251c6e3.html|title=Virginia ranks highest in U.S. for black-white marriages|newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot|date=March 17, 2012|first=Denise M.|last=Watson|access-date=April 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082321/http://hamptonroads.com/2012/03/virginia-ranks-highest-us-blackwhite-marriages|archive-date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as [[Multiracial people|multiracial]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> | The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, about one-fifth of the population.<ref name=race2020/> Virginia was a major destination of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. The [[Igbo American|Igbo]] ethnic group of what is now southern [[Nigeria]] were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinn|2009|p=175}}; {{harvnb|Chambers|2005|pp=10–14}}</ref> Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://psmag.com/news/how-slavery-changed-the-dna-of-african-americans |title= How Slavery Changed the DNA of African Americans |magazine= Pacific Standard |first= Michael |last= White |date= December 20, 2017 |access-date= March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |first1= Katarzyna |last1= Bryc |first2= Eric Y. |last2= Durand |first3= J. Michael |last3= Macpherson |first4= David |last4= Reich |first5= Joanna L. |last5= Mountain |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid= 25529636 |date= January 8, 2015 |volume = 96|issue = 1|pages = 37–53|pmc = 4289685|doi-access= free}}</ref> Though the Black population was reduced by the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks [[New Great Migration|returning south]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |first=William H. |last=Frey |title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 |journal=The Living Cities Census Series |date=May 2004 |pages=1–3 |access-date=September 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103165633/http://www3.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2007}}</ref> The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial marriages in the US]],<ref name=blackwhite>{{cite news|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_107293b2-cb53-5d2f-8b38-aca42251c6e3.html|title=Virginia ranks highest in U.S. for black-white marriages|newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot|date=March 17, 2012|first=Denise M.|last=Watson|access-date=April 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082321/http://hamptonroads.com/2012/03/virginia-ranks-highest-us-blackwhite-marriages|archive-date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as [[Multiracial people|multiracial]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> | ||
More recent immigration since the late 20th century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. {{As of|2020}}, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], and 8.8% as [[Asian people|Asian]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in [[Northern Virginia]].<ref name=demographics>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2011/02/virginians-census-8-million-total-1m-fairfax-county |title=Virginians in the census: 8 million total, 1M in Fairfax County |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |agency= | More recent immigration since the late 20th century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. {{As of|2020}}, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], and 8.8% as [[Asian people|Asian]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in [[Northern Virginia]].<ref name=demographics>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2011/02/virginians-census-8-million-total-1m-fairfax-county |title=Virginians in the census: 8 million total, 1M in Fairfax County |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |agency=Associated Press |date=February 3, 2011 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |first=John |last=Raby |ref=CITEREFdemographics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203509/http://hamptonroads.com/2011/02/virginians-census-8-million-total-1m-fairfax-county |archive-date=February 4, 2011}}</ref> Northern Virginia also has a significant population of [[Vietnamese American]]s, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vietnamese American Place Making in Northern Virginia|first=Joseph|last=Wood|journal=Geographical Review|volume=87|issue=1|date=January 1997|pages=58–72|doi=10.2307/215658|jstor=215658}}</ref> [[Korean American]]s have migrated there more recently,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtop.com/?nid=722&sid=1374240|title=Centreville: The New Koreatown?|work=Fairfax County Times|first=Layla|last=Wilder|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=November 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611210442/http://www.wtop.com/?nid=722&sid=1374240|archive-date=June 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> while about 45,000 [[Filipino American]]s have settled in the Hampton Roads area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/locals-celebrate-philippine-independence-day|title=Locals celebrate Philippine Independence Day|work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=June 12, 2008|first=Nora|last=Firestone|access-date=September 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617220659/http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/locals-celebrate-philippine-independence-day|archive-date=June 17, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[File:345th Tax Tribute Ceremony, Richmond - 11-23-22 - 028.jpg|thumb|Governor [[Glenn Youngkin]] receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the [[Mattaponi]] and [[Pamunkey]] tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.<ref name=taxtribute/>|alt=An older white man in a dark blue blazer smiles as he is presented with a dead deer hanging upside down held by two men in contemporary Native American attire.]] | [[File:345th Tax Tribute Ceremony, Richmond - 11-23-22 - 028.jpg|thumb|Governor [[Glenn Youngkin]] receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the [[Mattaponi]] and [[Pamunkey]] tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.<ref name=taxtribute/>|alt=An older white man in a dark blue blazer smiles as he is presented with a dead deer hanging upside down held by two men in contemporary Native American attire.]] | ||
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With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2017/dec/01/racial-disparity-health-care/ |title= Racial disparity in healthcare |newspaper= Richmond Free Press |date= December 1, 2017 |first= Samantha |last= Willis |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> and were disproportionately affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/05/05/fact-check-blacks-make-up-all-covid-19-deaths-richmond-virginia/3086558001/ |title= Fact check: Black people make up disproportionate share of COVID-19 deaths in Richmond, Virginia |first= Donnelle |last= Eller |newspaper= USA Today |date= May 5, 2020 |access-date= June 2, 2020}}</ref> African-American mothers are also three times more likely to [[Maternal mortality in the United States|die while giving birth]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.dailypress.com/news/health/dp-nws-evg-vp-black-childbirth-mortality-virginia-20180629-story.html |title= Black women in Virginia die in childbirth at 3 times the rate of any other race. What's going on? |first= Katherine |last= Hafner |newspaper= The Virginian-Pilot |date= June 29, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/report-finds-death-rates-rise-for-white-middle-class-virginians/article_b1fba73d-fd60-5303-90ef-9c3eb83d62f3.html |title= Report finds death rates rise for white, middle-class Virginians |first= Luanne |last= Rife |newspaper= The Roanoke Times |date= March 21, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled.<ref name=ahr/> Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 [[primary care physician]]s per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide.<ref name=ahr/> A December 2023 report by the [[Virginia General Assembly|General Assembly]] found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/12/12/virginia-mental-health-jlarc-report/ |title= Surging need creates safety issues at Va. mental hospitals, study finds |first1= Justin |last1= Jouvenal |first2= Jenna |last2= Portnoy |date= December 12, 2023|newspaper= The Washington Post |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> | With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2017/dec/01/racial-disparity-health-care/ |title= Racial disparity in healthcare |newspaper= Richmond Free Press |date= December 1, 2017 |first= Samantha |last= Willis |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> and were disproportionately affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/05/05/fact-check-blacks-make-up-all-covid-19-deaths-richmond-virginia/3086558001/ |title= Fact check: Black people make up disproportionate share of COVID-19 deaths in Richmond, Virginia |first= Donnelle |last= Eller |newspaper= USA Today |date= May 5, 2020 |access-date= June 2, 2020}}</ref> African-American mothers are also three times more likely to [[Maternal mortality in the United States|die while giving birth]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.dailypress.com/news/health/dp-nws-evg-vp-black-childbirth-mortality-virginia-20180629-story.html |title= Black women in Virginia die in childbirth at 3 times the rate of any other race. What's going on? |first= Katherine |last= Hafner |newspaper= The Virginian-Pilot |date= June 29, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/report-finds-death-rates-rise-for-white-middle-class-virginians/article_b1fba73d-fd60-5303-90ef-9c3eb83d62f3.html |title= Report finds death rates rise for white, middle-class Virginians |first= Luanne |last= Rife |newspaper= The Roanoke Times |date= March 21, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled.<ref name=ahr/> Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 [[primary care physician]]s per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide.<ref name=ahr/> A December 2023 report by the [[Virginia General Assembly|General Assembly]] found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/12/12/virginia-mental-health-jlarc-report/ |title= Surging need creates safety issues at Va. mental hospitals, study finds |first1= Justin |last1= Jouvenal |first2= Jenna |last2= Portnoy |date= December 12, 2023|newspaper= The Washington Post |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> | ||
Weight is an issue for many Virginians: 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese {{as of|2021|lc=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/state-data/?state=va|title=Childhood Obesity New Data|website=State of Childhood Obesity|year=2021|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> 35% of adults are overweight, and 23.3% do not exercise regularly.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://patch.com/virginia/ashburn/virginia-fatter-21-other-states-report |title= Virginia Is Fatter Than 21 Other States: Report |first= Elizabeth |last= Janney |website= Patch |date= May 10, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/30/restaurant-owners-to-brace-for-smoke-ban|title=Va. restaurant owners bracing for smoke ban|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=November 30, 2009|access-date=May 6, 2011|agency= | Weight is an issue for many Virginians: 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese {{as of|2021|lc=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/state-data/?state=va|title=Childhood Obesity New Data|website=State of Childhood Obesity|year=2021|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> 35% of adults are overweight, and 23.3% do not exercise regularly.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://patch.com/virginia/ashburn/virginia-fatter-21-other-states-report |title= Virginia Is Fatter Than 21 Other States: Report |first= Elizabeth |last= Janney |website= Patch |date= May 10, 2018 |access-date= June 1, 2020}}</ref> Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/30/restaurant-owners-to-brace-for-smoke-ban|title=Va. restaurant owners bracing for smoke ban|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=November 30, 2009|access-date=May 6, 2011|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201044553/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/30/restaurant-owners-to-brace-for-smoke-ban/|archive-date=December 1, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and the percent of tobacco smokers in the state has declined from 19% in that year to 12.1% in 2023, but an additional 7.7% use [[e-cigarette]]s. The percentage of adults who receive annual immunizations is above average, as 47.8% get their yearly flu vaccination.<ref name=ahr/> In 2008, Virginia became the first U.S. state to mandate the [[HPV vaccine]] for girls for school attendance,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/va-senate-kills-bill-repealing-hpv-vaccine-requirement-for-girls/2012/02/27/gIQAviHMeR_blog.html |title= Va. Senate kills bill repealing HPV vaccine requirement for girls |first= Anita |last= Kumar |newspaper= The Washington Post |date= February 27, 2012 |access-date= June 2, 2020}}</ref> and 62.7% of adolescents have the vaccine {{As of|2023|lc=on}}.<ref name=ahr/> | ||
The [[Virginia Board of Health]] regulates healthcare facilities. There are 88 [[List of hospitals in Virginia|hospitals in Virginia]] with a combined 17,024 hospital beds {{as of|2023|lc=on}}. The largest in both Virginia and the [[Washington metropolitan area]] is [[Inova Fairfax Hospital]], which serves over 55,000 patients annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_VA.html|title=Individual Hospital Statistics for Virginia|website=American Hospital Directory|date=May 7, 2023|access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref> [[VCU Medical Center]], where a new 16-story [[children's hospital]] was opened in 2023, is highly ranked for [[pediatrics]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vcuhealth.org/news/us-news-and-world-report-ranks-childrens-hospital-of-richmond-at-vcu-one-of-the-nations-best |title= U.S. News & World Report ranks Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU one of the nation's best children's hospitals in eight specialties |website= VCU Health |date= June 21, 2023 |access-date= March 12, 2024}}</ref> while [[University of Virginia Health System|UVA Medical Center]] is highly ranked for its cancer care,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://news.virginia.edu/content/news-brief-uva-health-university-medical-center-named-best-state-cancer-care |title= UVA Health University Medical Center Named Best in State for Cancer Care |first= Eric |last= Swensen |date= August 9, 2023 |website= University of Virginia News |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> and the state numbers in the top ten for annual [[cancer screening]]s.<ref name=ahr/> [[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]], a teaching institution of [[Eastern Virginia Medical School]], was the site of the [[Elizabeth Jordan Carr|first successful]] U.S. [[in-vitro fertilization]] program, and around 2.5% of births in the state are due to IVF.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/03/07/ivf-virginia-embryos-alabama-ruling |title= Where IVF stands in Virginia after the Alabama ruling |website= Axios Richmond |first= Sabrina |last= Moreno |date= March 7, 2024 |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> | The [[Virginia Board of Health]] regulates healthcare facilities. There are 88 [[List of hospitals in Virginia|hospitals in Virginia]] with a combined 17,024 hospital beds {{as of|2023|lc=on}}. The largest in both Virginia and the [[Washington metropolitan area]] is [[Inova Fairfax Hospital]], which serves over 55,000 patients annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_VA.html|title=Individual Hospital Statistics for Virginia|website=American Hospital Directory|date=May 7, 2023|access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref> [[VCU Medical Center]], where a new 16-story [[children's hospital]] was opened in 2023, is highly ranked for [[pediatrics]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vcuhealth.org/news/us-news-and-world-report-ranks-childrens-hospital-of-richmond-at-vcu-one-of-the-nations-best |title= U.S. News & World Report ranks Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU one of the nation's best children's hospitals in eight specialties |website= VCU Health |date= June 21, 2023 |access-date= March 12, 2024}}</ref> while [[University of Virginia Health System|UVA Medical Center]] is highly ranked for its cancer care,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://news.virginia.edu/content/news-brief-uva-health-university-medical-center-named-best-state-cancer-care |title= UVA Health University Medical Center Named Best in State for Cancer Care |first= Eric |last= Swensen |date= August 9, 2023 |website= University of Virginia News |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> and the state numbers in the top ten for annual [[cancer screening]]s.<ref name=ahr/> [[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]], a teaching institution of [[Eastern Virginia Medical School]], was the site of the [[Elizabeth Jordan Carr|first successful]] U.S. [[in-vitro fertilization]] program, and around 2.5% of births in the state are due to IVF.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/03/07/ivf-virginia-embryos-alabama-ruling |title= Where IVF stands in Virginia after the Alabama ruling |website= Axios Richmond |first= Sabrina |last= Moreno |date= March 7, 2024 |access-date= March 13, 2024}}</ref> | ||