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Constitution of the United States: Difference between revisions
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====Safeguards of civil rights (Amendments 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, and 26)==== | ====Safeguards of civil rights (Amendments 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, and 26)==== | ||
The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] (1865) abolished [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and [[involuntary servitude]], except [[Penal labor in the United States|as punishment for a crime]], and authorized Congress to enforce [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolition]]. Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 [[Emancipation Proclamation]], their post | The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] (1865) abolished [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and [[involuntary servitude]], except [[Penal labor in the United States|as punishment for a crime]], and authorized Congress to enforce [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolition]]. Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 [[Emancipation Proclamation]], their post Civil War status was unclear, as was the status of other millions.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Emancipation Proclamation |url= https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation |publisher= National Archives and Records Administration |access-date= August 6, 2014}}</ref> Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics. This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original parts of the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment13.html# |title=Thirteenth Amendment – Abolition of Slavery |last=FindLaw Staff |date=July 27, 2022 |website=constitution.findlaw.com |publisher=[[FindLaw]] |access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> | ||
The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] (1868) granted [[United States nationality law|United States citizenship]] to former slaves and to all persons "subject to U.S. jurisdiction." It also contained three new limits on state power: a state shall not violate a citizen's privileges or immunities; shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws. These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution. This amendment, according to the Supreme Court's Doctrine of [[Incorporation of the Bill of Rights|Incorporation]], makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well. It superseded the mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3, and also overturned the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857).<ref>{{cite web |last= Monk |first= Linda |title= Amendment XIV |url= http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/the-amendments/amendment-14-citizenship-rights |work= Annenberg Classroom |publisher= Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania |access-date= August 6, 2014 |archive-date= July 19, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130719064239/http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/the-amendments/amendment-14-citizenship-rights }}</ref> | The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] (1868) granted [[United States nationality law|United States citizenship]] to former slaves and to all persons "subject to U.S. jurisdiction." It also contained three new limits on state power: a state shall not violate a citizen's privileges or immunities; shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws. These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution. This amendment, according to the Supreme Court's Doctrine of [[Incorporation of the Bill of Rights|Incorporation]], makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well. It superseded the mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3, and also overturned the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857).<ref>{{cite web |last= Monk |first= Linda |title= Amendment XIV |url= http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/the-amendments/amendment-14-citizenship-rights |work= Annenberg Classroom |publisher= Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania |access-date= August 6, 2014 |archive-date= July 19, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130719064239/http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/the-amendments/amendment-14-citizenship-rights }}</ref> | ||