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Mississippi: Difference between revisions
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'''Mississippi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Mississippi.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|s|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|i}} {{respell|MISS|ə|SIP|ee}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Mississippi|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Tennessee]] to the north, [[Alabama]] to the east, the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the south, [[Louisiana]] to the southwest, and [[Arkansas]] to the northwest. Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the [[Mississippi River]], or its historical course.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147001/meandering-mississippi-river|title=Meandering Mississippi River|date=July 19, 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Mississippi is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|32nd largest]] by area and [[List of U.S. states by population|35th-most populous]] of the 50 U.S. states and has the lowest per-capita income. [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] is both the state's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and largest city. [[Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi|Greater Jackson]] is the state's most populous [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]], with a population of 591,978 in [[2020 United States census|2020]]. Other major cities include [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]], [[Southaven, Mississippi|Southaven]], [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi|Hattiesburg]], [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]], [[Olive Branch, Mississippi|Olive Branch]], [[Tupelo, Mississippi|Tupelo]], [[Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian]], and [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Census.gov}}</ref> | '''Mississippi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Mississippi.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|s|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|i}} {{respell|MISS|ə|SIP|ee}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Mississippi|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Tennessee]] to the north, [[Alabama]] to the east, the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the south, [[Louisiana]] to the southwest, and [[Arkansas]] to the northwest. Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the [[Mississippi River]], or its historical course.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147001/meandering-mississippi-river|title=Meandering Mississippi River|date=July 19, 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Mississippi is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|32nd largest]] by area and [[List of U.S. states by population|35th-most populous]] of the 50 U.S. states and has the lowest per-capita income. [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] is both the state's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and largest city. [[Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi|Greater Jackson]] is the state's most populous [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]], with a population of 591,978 in [[2020 United States census|2020]]. Other major cities include [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]], [[Southaven, Mississippi|Southaven]], [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi|Hattiesburg]], [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]], [[Olive Branch, Mississippi|Olive Branch]], [[Tupelo, Mississippi|Tupelo]], [[Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian]], and [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Census.gov}}</ref> | ||
The state's history traces back to around 9500 BC with the arrival of [[Paleo-Indians]], evolving through periods marked by the development of agricultural societies, rise of the [[Mound Builders]], and flourishing of the [[Mississippian culture]]. European exploration began with the Spanish in the 16th century, followed by French colonization in the 17th century. Mississippi's strategic location along the Mississippi River made it a site of significant economic and strategic importance, especially during the era of cotton plantation agriculture, which led to its wealth pre-Civil War, but entrenched slavery and racial segregation. On December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|20th state]] admitted to the Union. By 1860, Mississippi was the nation's top [[cotton]]-producing state and [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] accounted for 55% of the state population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860|title=Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860) {{!}} Mississippi History Now|website=mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=June 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615105736/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mississippi declared its [[Secession in the United States|secession]] from [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] on January 9, 1861, and was one of the seven original [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], which constituted the largest slaveholding states in the nation. Following the | The state's history traces back to around 9500 BC with the arrival of [[Paleo-Indians]], evolving through periods marked by the development of agricultural societies, rise of the [[Mound Builders]], and flourishing of the [[Mississippian culture]]. European exploration began with the Spanish in the 16th century, followed by French colonization in the 17th century. Mississippi's strategic location along the Mississippi River made it a site of significant economic and strategic importance, especially during the era of cotton plantation agriculture, which led to its wealth pre-Civil War, but entrenched slavery and racial segregation. On December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|20th state]] admitted to the Union. By 1860, Mississippi was the nation's top [[cotton]]-producing state and [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] accounted for 55% of the state population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860|title=Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860) {{!}} Mississippi History Now|website=mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=June 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615105736/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mississippi declared its [[Secession in the United States|secession]] from [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] on January 9, 1861, and was one of the seven original [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], which constituted the largest slaveholding states in the nation. Following the Civil War, it was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870.<ref>{{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction |last=Richter |first=William L. |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863361|location=Lanham |oclc=435767707}}</ref> Mississippi's political and social landscape was dramatically shaped by the Civil War, [[Reconstruction era]], and [[civil rights movement]], with the state playing a pivotal role in the struggle for civil rights. From the end of the Civil War to the 1960s, Mississippi was dominated by [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and [[Racial segregation|segregationist]] [[Southern Democrats]] dedicated to upholding [[white supremacy]]. | ||
Despite progress, Mississippi continues to grapple with challenges related to health, education, and economic development, often ranking among the lowest in the United States in national metrics for wealth, health care quality, and educational attainment.<ref name="America's Health Rankings">{{cite web|url=http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS|title=Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings—2013|website=americashealthrankings.org|access-date=October 5, 2014|archive-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424025323/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency|title=Percent of People Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency) statistics—states compared—Statemaster|access-date=October 5, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083106/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm|title=State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=August 6, 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI—Subnational HDI—Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=May 24, 2019}}</ref> Economically, it relies on [[agriculture]], manufacturing, and an increasing focus on tourism, highlighted by its casinos and historical sites. Mississippi produces more than half of the country's [[Aquaculture of catfish|farm-raised catfish]], and is a top producer of [[sweet potato]]es, cotton and [[pulpwood]]. Others include advanced manufacturing, [[Public utility|utilities]], [[transport]]ation, and [[Health care|health services]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/mississippi Mississippi Rankings and Facts]</ref> Mississippi is almost entirely within the east [[Gulf Coastal Plain]], and generally consists of [[lowland]] [[plain]]s and low hills. The northwest remainder of the state consists of the [[Mississippi Delta]]. Mississippi's highest point is [[Woodall Mountain]] at 807 feet (246 m) above sea level adjacent to the [[Cumberland Plateau]]; the lowest is the Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi has a [[humid subtropical climate]] classification. | Despite progress, Mississippi continues to grapple with challenges related to health, education, and economic development, often ranking among the lowest in the United States in national metrics for wealth, health care quality, and educational attainment.<ref name="America's Health Rankings">{{cite web|url=http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS|title=Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings—2013|website=americashealthrankings.org|access-date=October 5, 2014|archive-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424025323/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency|title=Percent of People Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency) statistics—states compared—Statemaster|access-date=October 5, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083106/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm|title=State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=August 6, 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI—Subnational HDI—Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=May 24, 2019}}</ref> Economically, it relies on [[agriculture]], manufacturing, and an increasing focus on tourism, highlighted by its casinos and historical sites. Mississippi produces more than half of the country's [[Aquaculture of catfish|farm-raised catfish]], and is a top producer of [[sweet potato]]es, cotton and [[pulpwood]]. Others include advanced manufacturing, [[Public utility|utilities]], [[transport]]ation, and [[Health care|health services]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/mississippi Mississippi Rankings and Facts]</ref> Mississippi is almost entirely within the east [[Gulf Coastal Plain]], and generally consists of [[lowland]] [[plain]]s and low hills. The northwest remainder of the state consists of the [[Mississippi Delta]]. Mississippi's highest point is [[Woodall Mountain]] at 807 feet (246 m) above sea level adjacent to the [[Cumberland Plateau]]; the lowest is the Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi has a [[humid subtropical climate]] classification. | ||
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[[File:NYA-"Lee County Training School(Negro)"-Tupelo, Mississippi-students at work in library - NARA - 195369.tif|thumb|Lee County Training School, 1936]] | [[File:NYA-"Lee County Training School(Negro)"-Tupelo, Mississippi-students at work in library - NARA - 195369.tif|thumb|Lee County Training School, 1936]] | ||
Until the | Until the Civil War era, Mississippi had a small number of schools and no educational institutions for [[African Americans]]. The first school for black students was not established until 1862. | ||
During Reconstruction in 1871, black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free [[public education]] in the state. The state's dependence on agriculture and resistance to taxation limited the funds it had available to spend on any schools. In the early 20th century, there were still few schools in rural areas, particularly for black children. With seed money from the [[Julius Rosenwald]] Fund, many rural black communities across Mississippi raised matching funds and contributed public funds to build new schools for their children. Essentially, many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities, in many cases donating land or labor to build such schools.<ref>James D. Anderson,''[[The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935]]''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1988, pp. 160–161</ref> | During Reconstruction in 1871, black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free [[public education]] in the state. The state's dependence on agriculture and resistance to taxation limited the funds it had available to spend on any schools. In the early 20th century, there were still few schools in rural areas, particularly for black children. With seed money from the [[Julius Rosenwald]] Fund, many rural black communities across Mississippi raised matching funds and contributed public funds to build new schools for their children. Essentially, many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities, in many cases donating land or labor to build such schools.<ref>James D. Anderson,''[[The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935]]''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1988, pp. 160–161</ref> | ||