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Civil Rights Act of 1964: Difference between revisions
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Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | ||
When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "[[Solid South|Southern Bloc]]" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican [[John Tower]] of Texas, led by [[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]] (D-GA), launched a [[filibuster]] to prevent its passage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |title=A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act |publisher=The Dirksen Congressional Center |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about [[social equality]] and [[miscegenation|intermingling and amalgamation of the races]] in our [Southern] states."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napolitano |first1=Andrew P. |author1-link=Andrew Napolitano |title=Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America |date=2009 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=188 |isbn=978-1595552655 |url=https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q="we+will+resist" |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html |title=The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say |newspaper= | When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "[[Solid South|Southern Bloc]]" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican [[John Tower]] of Texas, led by [[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]] (D-GA), launched a [[filibuster]] to prevent its passage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |title=A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act |publisher=The Dirksen Congressional Center |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about [[social equality]] and [[miscegenation|intermingling and amalgamation of the races]] in our [Southern] states."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napolitano |first1=Andrew P. |author1-link=Andrew Napolitano |title=Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America |date=2009 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=188 |isbn=978-1595552655 |url=https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q="we+will+resist" |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html |title=The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Remnick |first=Noah |date=June 28, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154315/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story,amp.html |url-status=unfit }}</ref> | ||
Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [''sic''], which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] proposals and actions of the [[Radical Republicans|radical Republican]] Congress."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ |date=May 2, 2010 }} United Press International, 1963</ref> | Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [''sic''], which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] proposals and actions of the [[Radical Republicans|radical Republican]] Congress."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ |date=May 2, 2010 }} United Press International, 1963</ref> | ||