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Washington (state): Difference between revisions
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| Former = Washington Territory | | Former = Washington Territory | ||
| seat = [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] | | seat = [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] | ||
| LargestCity = | | LargestCity = Seattle | ||
| LargestCounty = [[King County, Washington|King]] | | LargestCounty = [[King County, Washington|King]] | ||
| LargestMetro = [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle]] | | LargestMetro = [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Washington''', officially the '''State of Washington''',<ref name=":1" /> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Northwestern United States|Pacific Northwest]] region of the United States. It is often referred to as '''Washington state'''{{efn|Capitalization varies depending on whether or not "state" is considered part of the name of the state, a [[proper noun]]. For example, the [[AP Stylebook]] prefers the lowercase version, but the [[Chicago Manual of Style]] prefers the uppercase version.}} to distinguish it from [[Washington, D.C.|the national capital]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Word list and common terms|url=https://www.washington.edu/brand/editorial-elements/word-list/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173118/https://www.washington.edu/brand/editorial-elements/word-list/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|publisher=University of Washington|language=en|quote=Lowercase ''state'': state of Washington or Washington state. Note that Washington State refers to the university in Pullman, Washington.}}</ref> both named after [[George Washington]] (the first [[President of the United States|U.S. president]]). Washington borders the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west, [[Oregon]] to the south, [[Idaho]] to the east, and shares [[Canada–United States border|an international border]] with the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]] to the north. [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is the [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], and the most populous city is | '''Washington''', officially the '''State of Washington''',<ref name=":1" /> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Northwestern United States|Pacific Northwest]] region of the United States. It is often referred to as '''Washington state'''{{efn|Capitalization varies depending on whether or not "state" is considered part of the name of the state, a [[proper noun]]. For example, the [[AP Stylebook]] prefers the lowercase version, but the [[Chicago Manual of Style]] prefers the uppercase version.}} to distinguish it from [[Washington, D.C.|the national capital]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Word list and common terms|url=https://www.washington.edu/brand/editorial-elements/word-list/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173118/https://www.washington.edu/brand/editorial-elements/word-list/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|publisher=University of Washington|language=en|quote=Lowercase ''state'': state of Washington or Washington state. Note that Washington State refers to the university in Pullman, Washington.}}</ref> both named after [[George Washington]] (the first [[President of the United States|U.S. president]]). Washington borders the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west, [[Oregon]] to the south, [[Idaho]] to the east, and shares [[Canada–United States border|an international border]] with the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]] to the north. [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is the [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], and the most populous city is Seattle. | ||
Washington is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|18th-largest state]], with an area of {{Convert|71362|sqmi|km2}}, and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|13th-most populous]] state, with more than 7.8 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 7, 2024|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Washington|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/WA|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2024|website=United States Census Bureau|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121043306/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/WA}}</ref> The majority of Washington's residents live in the [[Seattle metropolitan area]], the center of transportation, business, and industry on [[Puget Sound]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Augustyn |first1=Adam |last2=Critchfield |first2=Howard J. |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Washington state, United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Washington-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162438/https://www.britannica.com/place/Washington-state |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=September 2, 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puget Sound|url=https://ecology.wa.gov/Water-Shorelines/Puget-Sound|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162732/https://ecology.wa.gov/Water1s-11¹/Puget-Sound|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Washington State Department of Ecology|language=en}}</ref> an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep [[fjord]]s and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of deep [[temperate rainforest]]s in the west; [[mountain range]]s in the west, center, northeast, and far southeast; and a semi-arid basin region in the east, center, and south, given over to intensive agriculture. Washington is the second most populous state on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and in the Western United States, after [[California]]. [[Mount Rainier]], an active [[stratovolcano]], is the state's highest elevation at {{convert|14411|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and is the most [[topographically prominent]] mountain in the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous U.S.]] | Washington is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|18th-largest state]], with an area of {{Convert|71362|sqmi|km2}}, and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|13th-most populous]] state, with more than 7.8 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 7, 2024|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Washington|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/WA|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2024|website=United States Census Bureau|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121043306/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/WA}}</ref> The majority of Washington's residents live in the [[Seattle metropolitan area]], the center of transportation, business, and industry on [[Puget Sound]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Augustyn |first1=Adam |last2=Critchfield |first2=Howard J. |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Washington state, United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Washington-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162438/https://www.britannica.com/place/Washington-state |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=September 2, 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puget Sound|url=https://ecology.wa.gov/Water-Shorelines/Puget-Sound|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162732/https://ecology.wa.gov/Water1s-11¹/Puget-Sound|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Washington State Department of Ecology|language=en}}</ref> an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep [[fjord]]s and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of deep [[temperate rainforest]]s in the west; [[mountain range]]s in the west, center, northeast, and far southeast; and a semi-arid basin region in the east, center, and south, given over to intensive agriculture. Washington is the second most populous state on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and in the Western United States, after [[California]]. [[Mount Rainier]], an active [[stratovolcano]], is the state's highest elevation at {{convert|14411|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and is the most [[topographically prominent]] mountain in the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous U.S.]] | ||
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=== Post–statehood === | === Post–statehood === | ||
[[File:B-17Es at Boeing Plant, Seattle, Washington, 1943.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress]] bombers under construction, circa{{nbsp}}1942]] | [[File:B-17Es at Boeing Plant, Seattle, Washington, 1943.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress]] bombers under construction, circa{{nbsp}}1942]] | ||
[[File:MSH80 early eruption st helens from NE 04-10-80.jpg|thumb|Early eruption of Mt. St. Helens]]For a long period, [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] had large smelters where gold, silver, copper, and lead ores were treated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wigren|first=Erika L.|date=May 8, 2019|title=From the Tacoma Community History Project: A History of the Tacoma Smelter & Its Workers|url=https://sites.uw.edu/uwtacomalibrary/2019/05/08/tchp-tacoma-smelter/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185130/https://sites.uw.edu/uwtacomalibrary/2019/05/08/tchp-tacoma-smelter/comment-page-1/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=UW Tacoma Library|language=en-US}}</ref> | [[File:MSH80 early eruption st helens from NE 04-10-80.jpg|thumb|Early eruption of Mt. St. Helens]]For a long period, [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] had large smelters where gold, silver, copper, and lead ores were treated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wigren|first=Erika L.|date=May 8, 2019|title=From the Tacoma Community History Project: A History of the Tacoma Smelter & Its Workers|url=https://sites.uw.edu/uwtacomalibrary/2019/05/08/tchp-tacoma-smelter/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185130/https://sites.uw.edu/uwtacomalibrary/2019/05/08/tchp-tacoma-smelter/comment-page-1/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=UW Tacoma Library|language=en-US}}</ref> Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country, and for a time, it possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and [[World War II]], and the [[Boeing]] company became an established icon in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kershner|first=Jim|date=September 8, 2015|title=Boeing and Washington|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/11111|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185411/https://www.historylink.org/File/11111|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Historylink.org}}</ref> | ||
During the [[Great Depression]], a series of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dams]] were constructed along the Columbia River as part of a project to increase the production of electricity. This culminated in 1941 with the completion of the [[Grand Coulee Dam]], the largest concrete structure in the United States and the largest dam in the world at its construction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Coulee Dam Construction and Legacy|url=https://depts.washington.edu/depress/grand_coulee.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185634/https://depts.washington.edu/depress/grand_coulee.shtml|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> | During the [[Great Depression]], a series of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dams]] were constructed along the Columbia River as part of a project to increase the production of electricity. This culminated in 1941 with the completion of the [[Grand Coulee Dam]], the largest concrete structure in the United States and the largest dam in the world at its construction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Coulee Dam Construction and Legacy|url=https://depts.washington.edu/depress/grand_coulee.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185634/https://depts.washington.edu/depress/grand_coulee.shtml|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> | ||
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{{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=46 |lat_min=12 |lat_sec=13 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=119 |lon_min=9 |lon_sec=33 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Kennewick, Washington|Kennewick]]}} | {{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=46 |lat_min=12 |lat_sec=13 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=119 |lon_min=9 |lon_sec=33 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Kennewick, Washington|Kennewick]]}} | ||
{{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=14 |lat_sec=39 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=37 |lon_sec=14 |lon_dir=W |position=right |label=[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]]}} | {{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=14 |lat_sec=39 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=37 |lon_sec=14 |lon_dir=W |position=right |label=[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]]}} | ||
{{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=36 |lat_sec=35 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=59 |lon_dir=W |position=right |label= | {{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=36 |lat_sec=35 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=59 |lon_dir=W |position=right |label=Seattle}} | ||
{{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=39 |lat_sec=32 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=117 |lon_min=25 |lon_sec=30 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]]}} | {{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=39 |lat_sec=32 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=117 |lon_min=25 |lon_sec=30 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]]}} | ||
{{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=45 |lat_min=38 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=36 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver]]}} | {{Location map~ |Washington |mark=purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |label_size=75 |lat_deg=45 |lat_min=38 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=122 |lon_min=36 |lon_dir=W |position=left |label=[[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver]]}} | ||
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The state of Washington has a temperate climate. The eastern half of Washington has a [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] to [[warm-summer mediterranean climate]], while the western side of Washington as well as the coastal areas of the state have a cool [[oceanic climate]] or warm-summer mediterranean climate. Major factors determining Washington's climate include the large semi-permanent [[Low-pressure area|low pressure]] and [[High-pressure area|high pressure]] systems of the north Pacific Ocean, the continental air masses of North America, and the Olympic and Cascade mountains. In the spring and summer, a high-pressure [[anticyclone]] system dominates the north Pacific Ocean, causing air to spiral out in a clockwise fashion. For Washington, this means [[prevailing winds]] from the northwest bring relatively cool air and a predictably [[dry season]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gibbens|first=Sarah|date=June 29, 2021|title=What is a heat dome? Pacific Northwest swelters in record temperatures.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/heat-dome-deadly-hot-weather-descends-on-pacific-northwest|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212154/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/heat-dome-deadly-hot-weather-descends-on-pacific-northwest|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=National Geographic|language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}} | The state of Washington has a temperate climate. The eastern half of Washington has a [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] to [[warm-summer mediterranean climate]], while the western side of Washington as well as the coastal areas of the state have a cool [[oceanic climate]] or warm-summer mediterranean climate. Major factors determining Washington's climate include the large semi-permanent [[Low-pressure area|low pressure]] and [[High-pressure area|high pressure]] systems of the north Pacific Ocean, the continental air masses of North America, and the Olympic and Cascade mountains. In the spring and summer, a high-pressure [[anticyclone]] system dominates the north Pacific Ocean, causing air to spiral out in a clockwise fashion. For Washington, this means [[prevailing winds]] from the northwest bring relatively cool air and a predictably [[dry season]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gibbens|first=Sarah|date=June 29, 2021|title=What is a heat dome? Pacific Northwest swelters in record temperatures.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/heat-dome-deadly-hot-weather-descends-on-pacific-northwest|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212154/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/heat-dome-deadly-hot-weather-descends-on-pacific-northwest|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=National Geographic|language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}} | ||
In the autumn and winter, a low-pressure [[cyclone]] system takes over in the north Pacific Ocean. The air spiraling inward in a counter-clockwise fashion causes Washington's prevailing winds to come from the southwest, and bring cool and overcast weather and a predictably [[wet season]]. The term "[[Pineapple Express]]" is used colloquially to describe [[atmospheric river]] events, where repeated storm systems are directed by this persistent cyclone from the tropical Pacific regions a great distance into the Pacific Northwest. Western Washington is very cloudy during much of fall, winter, and early spring. | In the autumn and winter, a low-pressure [[cyclone]] system takes over in the north Pacific Ocean. The air spiraling inward in a counter-clockwise fashion causes Washington's prevailing winds to come from the southwest, and bring cool and overcast weather and a predictably [[wet season]]. The term "[[Pineapple Express]]" is used colloquially to describe [[atmospheric river]] events, where repeated storm systems are directed by this persistent cyclone from the tropical Pacific regions a great distance into the Pacific Northwest. Western Washington is very cloudy during much of fall, winter, and early spring. Seattle averages the least sunshine hours of any major city in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kruckeberg |first=Arthur R. |title=The Natural History of Puget Sound Country |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-295-97477-4 |pages=42–43}}</ref> | ||
Despite Western Washington's marine climate similar to many coastal cities of Europe, there are exceptions such as the "Big Snow" events of 1880, 1881, 1893, and 1916,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banel|first=Feliks|date=January 2, 2019|title=The 'Big Snow of 1880' is still the biggest Seattle has ever seen|url=https://mynorthwest.com/1231270/seattle-big-snow-1880/?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212535/https://mynorthwest.com/1231270/seattle-big-snow-1880/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=MyNorthwest}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dorpat|first=Paul|date=January 31, 2002|title=Snow and Other Weathers—Seattle and King County|url=https://www.historylink.org/file/3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212729/https://www.historylink.org/file/3681|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Historylink.org}}</ref> and the "deep freeze" winters of 1883–1884, 1915–1916, 1949–1950, and 1955–1956, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dougherty|first=Phil|date=January 23, 2007|title=Record low temperatures and heavy snow plague Washington state for three weeks beginning on January 12, 1950.|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8079|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212951/https://www.historylink.org/File/8079|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Historylink.org}}</ref> During these events, Western Washington experienced up to {{convert|6|ft}} of snow, sub-zero (−18 °C) temperatures, three months with snow on the ground, and lakes and rivers frozen over for weeks.<ref name=":4" /> Seattle's lowest officially recorded temperature is {{convert|0|F}} set on January 31, 1950, but low-altitude areas approximately three hours away from Seattle have recorded lows as cold as {{convert|-48|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=United States Extreme Record Temperatures & Differences |url=http://ggweather.com/climate/extremes_us.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001055459/http://ggweather.com/climate/extremes_us.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2012 |publisher=Golden Gate Weather Services}}</ref> | Despite Western Washington's marine climate similar to many coastal cities of Europe, there are exceptions such as the "Big Snow" events of 1880, 1881, 1893, and 1916,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banel|first=Feliks|date=January 2, 2019|title=The 'Big Snow of 1880' is still the biggest Seattle has ever seen|url=https://mynorthwest.com/1231270/seattle-big-snow-1880/?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212535/https://mynorthwest.com/1231270/seattle-big-snow-1880/|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=MyNorthwest}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dorpat|first=Paul|date=January 31, 2002|title=Snow and Other Weathers—Seattle and King County|url=https://www.historylink.org/file/3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212729/https://www.historylink.org/file/3681|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Historylink.org}}</ref> and the "deep freeze" winters of 1883–1884, 1915–1916, 1949–1950, and 1955–1956, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dougherty|first=Phil|date=January 23, 2007|title=Record low temperatures and heavy snow plague Washington state for three weeks beginning on January 12, 1950.|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8079|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902212951/https://www.historylink.org/File/8079|archive-date=September 2, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|website=Historylink.org}}</ref> During these events, Western Washington experienced up to {{convert|6|ft}} of snow, sub-zero (−18 °C) temperatures, three months with snow on the ground, and lakes and rivers frozen over for weeks.<ref name=":4" /> Seattle's lowest officially recorded temperature is {{convert|0|F}} set on January 31, 1950, but low-altitude areas approximately three hours away from Seattle have recorded lows as cold as {{convert|-48|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=United States Extreme Record Temperatures & Differences |url=http://ggweather.com/climate/extremes_us.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001055459/http://ggweather.com/climate/extremes_us.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2012 |publisher=Golden Gate Weather Services}}</ref> | ||
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| data-sort-value="32.8" title="average temperature: 32.8" {{average temperature table/color|32.8|F}} | {{convert|38|/|27|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | | data-sort-value="32.8" title="average temperature: 32.8" {{average temperature table/color|32.8|F}} | {{convert|38|/|27|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Seattle<ref>{{WRCC|Seattle Tacoma International Airport, Washington|wa7473|NCDC 2010| access-date = September 21, 2016}}</ref> | ||
| data-sort-value="42.0" title="average temperature: 42.0" {{average temperature table/color|42.0|F}} | {{convert|47|/|37|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | | data-sort-value="42.0" title="average temperature: 42.0" {{average temperature table/color|42.0|F}} | {{convert|47|/|37|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | ||
| data-sort-value="43.4" title="average temperature: 43.4" {{average temperature table/color|43.4|F}} | {{convert|50|/|37|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | | data-sort-value="43.4" title="average temperature: 43.4" {{average temperature table/color|43.4|F}} | {{convert|50|/|37|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} | ||