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White House: Difference between revisions
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The residence was designed by [[Ireland|Irish]]-born architect [[James Hoban]] in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style.{{r|TSGjH}} Hoban modeled the building on [[Leinster House]] in [[Dublin]], a building which today houses the [[Oireachtas]], the Irish legislature. Constructed between 1792 and 1800, its exterior walls are [[Aquia Creek sandstone]] painted white. When [[Thomas Jefferson]] moved into the house in 1801, he and architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] added low [[colonnade]]s on each wing to conceal what then were stables and storage.{{r|bwDpG}} In 1814, during the [[War of 1812]], the mansion was set ablaze by [[British Empire|British]] forces in the [[burning of Washington]], destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President [[James Monroe]] moved into the partially reconstructed [[Executive Residence]] in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semicircular South Portico in 1824 and the North Portico in 1829. | The residence was designed by [[Ireland|Irish]]-born architect [[James Hoban]] in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style.{{r|TSGjH}} Hoban modeled the building on [[Leinster House]] in [[Dublin]], a building which today houses the [[Oireachtas]], the Irish legislature. Constructed between 1792 and 1800, its exterior walls are [[Aquia Creek sandstone]] painted white. When [[Thomas Jefferson]] moved into the house in 1801, he and architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] added low [[colonnade]]s on each wing to conceal what then were stables and storage.{{r|bwDpG}} In 1814, during the [[War of 1812]], the mansion was set ablaze by [[British Empire|British]] forces in the [[burning of Washington]], destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President [[James Monroe]] moved into the partially reconstructed [[Executive Residence]] in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semicircular South Portico in 1824 and the North Portico in 1829. | ||
Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President | Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed [[West Wing]] in 1901. Eight years later, in 1909, President [[William Howard Taft]] expanded the West Wing and created the first [[Oval Office]], which was eventually moved and expanded. In the Executive Residence, the third floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing [[hip roof]] with long shed dormers. A newly constructed [[East Wing]] was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. The East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the residence's load-bearing walls and wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing [[steel frame]] was constructed inside the walls. On the exterior, the [[Truman Balcony]] was added. Once the structural work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt. | ||
The present-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence, the West Wing, the East Wing, the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]], which previously served the [[United States State Department|State Department]] and other departments (it now houses additional offices for the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|president's staff]] and the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]), and [[Blair House]], a guest residence. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories: the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, and a two-story [[White House basement|basement]]. The property is a [[National Heritage Site (United States)|National Heritage Site]] owned by the [[National Park Service]] and is part of the [[President's Park]]. In 2007, it was ranked second on the [[American Institute of Architects]] list of [[America's Favorite Architecture]].{{r|1AvjX}} | The present-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence, the West Wing, the East Wing, the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]], which previously served the [[United States State Department|State Department]] and other departments (it now houses additional offices for the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|president's staff]] and the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]), and [[Blair House]], a guest residence. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories: the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, and a two-story [[White House basement|basement]]. The property is a [[National Heritage Site (United States)|National Heritage Site]] owned by the [[National Park Service]] and is part of the [[President's Park]]. In 2007, it was ranked second on the [[American Institute of Architects]] list of [[America's Favorite Architecture]].{{r|1AvjX}} | ||
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=== Naming conventions === | === Naming conventions === | ||
The building was originally variously referred to as the '''President's Palace''', '''Presidential Mansion''', or '''President's House'''.{{r|xVvhI}} The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.{{r|8Rmlj}} A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the [[Burning of Washington]], white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,{{r|A3bMb}} giving the building its namesake hue.{{r|EdqBf}} The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President | The building was originally variously referred to as the '''President's Palace''', '''Presidential Mansion''', or '''President's House'''.{{r|xVvhI}} The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.{{r|8Rmlj}} A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the [[Burning of Washington]], white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,{{r|A3bMb}} giving the building its namesake hue.{{r|EdqBf}} The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established "The White House" as its formal name in 1901 via Executive Order.<ref>Dubovoy, Sina. "History of the White House." ''Salem Press Encyclopedia'', Sept. 2020. Accessed May 22, 2022.</ref> The current letterhead wording and arrangement of "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath it dates to the administration of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].{{r|WH facts}} | ||
Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have been derived from [[Martha Washington]]'s home, [[White House (plantation)|White House Plantation]], in [[Virginia]], where the nation's first president courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.{{r|D7o2v}} | Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have been derived from [[Martha Washington]]'s home, [[White House (plantation)|White House Plantation]], in [[Virginia]], where the nation's first president courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.{{r|D7o2v}} | ||
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In 1891, First Lady [[Caroline Harrison]] proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.{{r|epstein}} A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham that reflected the Harrison proposal.{{r|epstein}} These plans were ultimately rejected. | In 1891, First Lady [[Caroline Harrison]] proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.{{r|epstein}} A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham that reflected the Harrison proposal.{{r|epstein}} These plans were ultimately rejected. | ||
In 1902, however, | In 1902, however, Theodore Roosevelt hired [[McKim, Mead & White]] to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.{{r|Yl4bH}}{{r|R6fqD}} [[Charles Follen McKim|Charles McKim]] himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the president's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.{{r|whha overview}} | ||
President [[William Howard Taft]] enlisted the help of architect [[Nathan C. Wyeth]] to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the [[Oval Office]].{{r|epstein}} In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.{{r|AbbottRice|p=17}} The West Wing was damaged by fire on Christmas Eve 1929; [[Herbert Hoover]] and his aides moved back into it on April 14, 1930.{{r|oeGVZ}} In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]].{{r|whha overview}} | President [[William Howard Taft]] enlisted the help of architect [[Nathan C. Wyeth]] to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the [[Oval Office]].{{r|epstein}} In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.{{r|AbbottRice|p=17}} The West Wing was damaged by fire on Christmas Eve 1929; [[Herbert Hoover]] and his aides moved back into it on April 14, 1930.{{r|oeGVZ}} In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]].{{r|whha overview}} | ||