United States Coast and Geodetic Survey: Difference between revisions

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (view source)

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 [[File:Sigsbee Sounding Machine-Blake.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sigsbee Sounding Machine – invented by [[Charles Dwight Sigsbee]] and modified from the Thomson Sounding Machine. Basic design of ocean sounding instruments stayed the same for the next 50 years. Here the sounding machine is used to set a Pillsbury current meter at a known depth. In: ''The Gulf Stream'', by John Elliott Pillsbury, 1891. Note caption on photo: "Sounding Machine And Current Meter In Place, Steamer ''Blake''."]] During the 1890s, while attached to the Coast and Geodetic Survey as [[commanding officer]] of ''George S. Blake'', [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] [[Charles Dwight Sigsbee]], [[United States Navy|USN]], Assistant in the Coast Survey,{{NoteTag|The formal title given these officers in reports is for example: "Lieut. Commander John A. Howell, U.S.N., ''Assistant in the Coast Survey''" with "Assistant" being a title for both high office and topographic survey management positions and ship's commanding officers.}} developed the [[Sigsbee sounding machine]] while conducting the first true bathymetric surveys in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].
-With the outbreak of the [[Spanish–American War]] in April 1898, the U.S. Navy again withdrew its officers from Coast and Geodetic Survey duty. As a result of the war, which ended in August 1898, the United States took control of the [[The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898|Philippine Islands]] and [[Puerto Rico]], and surveying their waters became part of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's duties.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" /> The Survey opened a field office in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in 1899, to support survey ships operating in the [[Pacific Ocean]] as well as survey field expeditions in the [[western United States]]; this office eventually would become the modern [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] Pacific Marine Center.<ref name="timeline18071899" />
+With the outbreak of the [[Spanish–American War]] in April 1898, the U.S. Navy again withdrew its officers from Coast and Geodetic Survey duty. As a result of the war, which ended in August 1898, the United States took control of the [[The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898|Philippine Islands]] and [[Puerto Rico]], and surveying their waters became part of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's duties.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" /> The Survey opened a field office in Seattle, [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in 1899, to support survey ships operating in the [[Pacific Ocean]] as well as survey field expeditions in the [[western United States]]; this office eventually would become the modern [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] Pacific Marine Center.<ref name="timeline18071899" />
 The system of U.S. Navy officers and men crewing the Survey{{'}}s ships that had prevailed for most of the 19th century came to an end when the appropriation law approved on June 6, 1900, provided for "all necessary employees to man and equip the vessels" instead of Navy personnel. The law went into effect on July 1, 1900; at that point, all Navy personnel assigned to the Survey{{'}}s ships remained aboard until the first call at each ship{{'}}s [[home port]], where they transferred off, with the Survey reimbursing the Navy for their pay accrued after July 1, 1900.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report Of The Superintendent of the Coast And Geodetic Survey Showing The Progress Of Work From July 1, 1900 To June 30, 1901 |author=U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1901 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=15, 17, 109 }}</ref> Thereafter, the Coast and Geodetic Survey operated as an entirely civilian organization until May 1917.
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 [[File:Ship5586 (25153063907).jpg|thumb|Pacific Marine Center, the USC&GS ship base]]
 [[Image:EXPLORER in Aleutians 1944.jpg|thumb|right|[[USC&GS Explorer (OSS 28)|USC&GS ''Explorer'' (OSS 28)]] in the [[Aleutian Islands]] in 1944]]
-[[File:USC&GS Oceanographer (OSS O1) off Seattle c1974.jpg|thumb|right|{{nowrap|{{ship|NOAAS|Oceanographer|R 101}}}} off [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], ca.&nbsp;1974. As USC&GS ''Oceanographer'' (OSS 01), she was [[flagship]] of the Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet from her [[Ship commissioning|commissioning]] in 1966 until the creation of [[NOAA]] in 1970.]]
+[[File:USC&GS Oceanographer (OSS O1) off Seattle c1974.jpg|thumb|right|{{nowrap|{{ship|NOAAS|Oceanographer|R 101}}}} off Seattle, [[Washington (state)|Washington]], ca.&nbsp;1974. As USC&GS ''Oceanographer'' (OSS 01), she was [[flagship]] of the Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet from her [[Ship commissioning|commissioning]] in 1966 until the creation of [[NOAA]] in 1970.]]
 A partial list of the Coast and Geodetic Survey{{'}}s ships: