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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: Difference between revisions
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (view source)
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The National Origins Formula had been established in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by promoting immigration from Western and Northern Europe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> During the 1960s, at the height of the [[civil rights movement]], this approach increasingly came under attack for being [[Racism in the United States|racially discriminatory]]. The bill is based on the draft bill sent to the Congress by President [[John F. Kennedy]], who opposed the immigration formulas, in 1963, and was introduced by Senator [[Philip Hart]] and Congressman [[Emanuel Celler]].<ref name="Hodgson"/> However, its passage was stalled due to opposition from conservative Congressmen.<ref name="Hayes"/> | The National Origins Formula had been established in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by promoting immigration from Western and Northern Europe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> During the 1960s, at the height of the [[civil rights movement]], this approach increasingly came under attack for being [[Racism in the United States|racially discriminatory]]. The bill is based on the draft bill sent to the Congress by President [[John F. Kennedy]], who opposed the immigration formulas, in 1963, and was introduced by Senator [[Philip Hart]] and Congressman [[Emanuel Celler]].<ref name="Hodgson"/> However, its passage was stalled due to opposition from conservative Congressmen.<ref name="Hayes"/> | ||
With the support of the Johnson administration, Celler and Hart introduced the bill again in 1965 to repeal the formula.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Tichenor |first1=Daniel |title=The Historical Presidency: Lyndon Johnson's Ambivalent Reform: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: LBJ's Ambivalent Reform |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=September 2016 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=691–705 |doi=10.1111/psq.12300 }}</ref> The bill received wide support from both northern | With the support of the Johnson administration, Celler and Hart introduced the bill again in 1965 to repeal the formula.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Tichenor |first1=Daniel |title=The Historical Presidency: Lyndon Johnson's Ambivalent Reform: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: LBJ's Ambivalent Reform |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=September 2016 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=691–705 |doi=10.1111/psq.12300 }}</ref> The bill received wide support from both northern Democratic and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] members of Congress, but strong opposition mostly from Southern conservatives, the latter mostly voting Nay or Not Voting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TO PASS H.R. 2580, IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT AMENDMENTS. -- Senate Vote #232 -- Sep 22, 1965 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s232 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}} | ||
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TO AGREE TO THE CONFERENCE REPORT ON H.R. 2580, THE … -- House Vote #177 -- Sep 30, 1965 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h177 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}</ref> President Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law on October 3, 1965.<ref name="Johnson 1965" /> Prior to the Act, the U.S. was 85% White, with Black people (most of whom were descendants of slaves) making up 11%, while Latinos made up less than 4%.<ref>{{cite news |title=CCF Civil Rights Symposium: Changes in America's Racial and Ethnic Composition Since 1964 |url=https://sites.utexas.edu/contemporaryfamilies/2014/02/05/changes-in-americas-racial-and-ethnic-composition-since-1964/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |publisher=University of Texas}}</ref> In opening entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than Western and Northern Europeans, the Act significantly altered the demographic mix in the country.<ref name="Luden">{{cite news |last1=Ludden |first1=Jennifer |title=1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |date=9 May 2006 }}</ref> | </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TO AGREE TO THE CONFERENCE REPORT ON H.R. 2580, THE … -- House Vote #177 -- Sep 30, 1965 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h177 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}</ref> President Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law on October 3, 1965.<ref name="Johnson 1965" /> Prior to the Act, the U.S. was 85% White, with Black people (most of whom were descendants of slaves) making up 11%, while Latinos made up less than 4%.<ref>{{cite news |title=CCF Civil Rights Symposium: Changes in America's Racial and Ethnic Composition Since 1964 |url=https://sites.utexas.edu/contemporaryfamilies/2014/02/05/changes-in-americas-racial-and-ethnic-composition-since-1964/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |publisher=University of Texas}}</ref> In opening entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than Western and Northern Europeans, the Act significantly altered the demographic mix in the country.<ref name="Luden">{{cite news |last1=Ludden |first1=Jennifer |title=1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |date=9 May 2006 }}</ref> | ||