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===The Bache years===
===The Bache years===
Professor [[Alexander Dallas Bache]] became superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey after Hassler{{'}}s death in 1843.<ref name="timeline18071899"/> During his years as superintendent, he reorganized the Coast Survey in accordance with the plan President Tyler approved and expanded the Survey's work southward along the [[East Coast of the United States|United States East Coast]] into the [[Florida Keys]]. In 1846 the Survey began to operate a ship, [[USCS Phoenix|''Phoenix'']], on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|United States Gulf Coast]] for the first time. By 1847, Bache had expanded the Survey{{'}}s operations from nine [[U.S. state]]s to seventeen, and by 1849 it also operated along the [[West Coast of the United States|United States West Coast]], giving it a presence along all coasts of the United States.<ref>[http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE1.html#CHANGING Theberge, Captain Albert E., ''The Coast Survey 1807–1867: Volume I of the History of the Commissioned Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'', "THE BACHE YEARS: CHANGING THE GUARD", no publisher listed, NOAA History, 1998.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209235310/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE1.html |date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> In 1845, he instituted the world{{'}}s first systematic oceanographic project for studying a specific phenomenon when he directed the Coast Survey to begin systematic studies of the [[Gulf Stream]] and its environs, including physical oceanography, [[Geology|geological]] oceanography, [[Biology|biological]] oceanography, and [[Chemistry|chemical]] oceanography. Bache{{'}}s initial orders for the Gulf Stream study served as a model for all subsequent integrated oceanographic cruises.<ref name="timeline18071899" /> Bache also instituted regular and systematic observations of the [[tide]]s and investigated [[Magnetism|magnetic]] forces and directions, making the Survey the center of U.S. government expertise in geophysics for the following century. In the late 1840s, the Survey pioneered the use of the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] to provide highly accurate determinations of [[longitude]]; known as the "[[History of longitude#AmericanMethod|American Method]]," it soon was emulated worldwide.<ref name="bache2">[http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE2.html#EARLY Theberge, Captain Albert E., ''The Coast Survey 1807–1867: Volume I of the History of the Commissioned Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'', "BACHE's EARLY YEARS", no publisher listed, NOAA History, 1998.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180304/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE2.html |date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>
Professor [[Alexander Dallas Bache]] became superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey after Hassler{{'}}s death in 1843.<ref name="timeline18071899"/> During his years as superintendent, he reorganized the Coast Survey in accordance with the plan President Tyler approved and expanded the Survey's work southward along the [[East Coast of the United States|United States East Coast]] into the [[Florida Keys]]. In 1846 the Survey began to operate a ship, [[USCS Phoenix|''Phoenix'']], on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|United States Gulf Coast]] for the first time. By 1847, Bache had expanded the Survey{{'}}s operations from nine [[U.S. state]]s to seventeen, and by 1849 it also operated along the [[West Coast of the United States|United States West Coast]], giving it a presence along all coasts of the United States.<ref>[http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE1.html#CHANGING Theberge, Captain Albert E., ''The Coast Survey 1807–1867: Volume I of the History of the Commissioned Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'', "THE BACHE YEARS: CHANGING THE GUARD", no publisher listed, NOAA History, 1998.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209235310/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE1.html |date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> In 1845, he instituted the world{{'}}s first systematic oceanographic project for studying a specific phenomenon when he directed the Coast Survey to begin systematic studies of the [[Gulf Stream]] and its environs, including physical oceanography, [[Geology|geological]] oceanography, [[Biology|biological]] oceanography, and [[Chemistry|chemical]] oceanography. Bache{{'}}s initial orders for the Gulf Stream study served as a model for all subsequent integrated oceanographic cruises.<ref name="timeline18071899" /> Bache also instituted regular and systematic observations of the [[tide]]s and investigated [[Magnetism|magnetic]] forces and directions, making the Survey the center of U.S. government expertise in geophysics for the following century. In the late 1840s, the Survey pioneered the use of the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] to provide highly accurate determinations of longitude; known as the "[[History of longitude#AmericanMethod|American Method]]," it soon was emulated worldwide.<ref name="bache2">[http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE2.html#EARLY Theberge, Captain Albert E., ''The Coast Survey 1807–1867: Volume I of the History of the Commissioned Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'', "BACHE's EARLY YEARS", no publisher listed, NOAA History, 1998.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180304/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/BACHE2.html |date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>


Disaster struck the Coast Survey on September 8, 1846, when the survey [[brig]] [[Washington (1837)|''Peter G. Washington'']] encountered a [[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]] while she was conducting studies of the [[Gulf Stream]] in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of [[North Carolina]]. She was dismasted in the storm with the loss of 11 men who were swept overboard, but she managed to limp into port.
Disaster struck the Coast Survey on September 8, 1846, when the survey [[brig]] [[Washington (1837)|''Peter G. Washington'']] encountered a [[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]] while she was conducting studies of the [[Gulf Stream]] in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of [[North Carolina]]. She was dismasted in the storm with the loss of 11 men who were swept overboard, but she managed to limp into port.
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In 1955, the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship [[USS Mobjack (AGP-7)|USC&GS ''Pioneer'' (OSS 31)]] conducted a survey in the Pacific Ocean off the [[West Coast of the United States|United States West Coast]] towing a [[magnetometer]] invented by the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]. The first such survey in history, it discovered [[Plate tectonics|magnetic striping]] on the seafloor, a key finding in the development of the theory of [[plate tectonics]].<ref name="timeline19001969" />
In 1955, the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship [[USS Mobjack (AGP-7)|USC&GS ''Pioneer'' (OSS 31)]] conducted a survey in the Pacific Ocean off the [[West Coast of the United States|United States West Coast]] towing a [[magnetometer]] invented by the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]. The first such survey in history, it discovered [[Plate tectonics|magnetic striping]] on the seafloor, a key finding in the development of the theory of [[plate tectonics]].<ref name="timeline19001969" />


The Coast and Geodetic Survey participated in the [[International Geophysical Year]] (IGY) of July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. During the IGY, 67 countries cooperated in a worldwide effort to collect, share, and study data on eleven [[Earth science]]s – [[aurora]] and [[airglow]], [[cosmic ray]]s, [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetism]], [[gravity]], [[ionosphere|ionospheric physics]], [[longitude]] and [[latitude]] determinations for precision mapping, [[meteorology]], [[oceanography]], [[seismology]], and [[Space weather|solar activity]].<ref name="timeline19001969" />
The Coast and Geodetic Survey participated in the [[International Geophysical Year]] (IGY) of July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. During the IGY, 67 countries cooperated in a worldwide effort to collect, share, and study data on eleven [[Earth science]]s – [[aurora]] and [[airglow]], [[cosmic ray]]s, [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetism]], [[gravity]], [[ionosphere|ionospheric physics]], longitude and [[latitude]] determinations for precision mapping, [[meteorology]], [[oceanography]], [[seismology]], and [[Space weather|solar activity]].<ref name="timeline19001969" />


In 1959, the Coast and Geodetic Survey{{'}}s charter was extended to give it the responsibility for U.S. government oceanographic studies worldwide.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" /> In 1963, it became the first U.S. government scientific agency to take part in an international cooperative oceanographic/[[Meteorology|meteorological]] project when the survey ship [[USC&GS Explorer (OSS 28)|USC&GS ''Explorer'' (OSS 28)]] made a scientific cruise in support of the [[EQUALANT I]] and [[EQUALANT II]] subprojects of the [[International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic]] (ICITA) project.<ref>[http://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/explorer2.html NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Explorer]</ref><ref>[http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/index.html nmfs.noaa.gov EQUALANT]</ref><ref>[http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/html_src/cruises.html nmfs.noaa.gov SHIP & CRUISE SUMMARY] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105405/http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/html_src/cruises.html |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> In 1964, a Coast and Geodetic Survey ship operated in the [[Indian Ocean]] for the first time, when ''Pioneer'' took part in the [[International Indian Ocean Expedition]], an international effort to study the Indian Ocean that lasted from 1959 to 1965.<ref>[http://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/pioneer3.html NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Pioneer]</ref>
In 1959, the Coast and Geodetic Survey{{'}}s charter was extended to give it the responsibility for U.S. government oceanographic studies worldwide.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" /> In 1963, it became the first U.S. government scientific agency to take part in an international cooperative oceanographic/[[Meteorology|meteorological]] project when the survey ship [[USC&GS Explorer (OSS 28)|USC&GS ''Explorer'' (OSS 28)]] made a scientific cruise in support of the [[EQUALANT I]] and [[EQUALANT II]] subprojects of the [[International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic]] (ICITA) project.<ref>[http://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/explorer2.html NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Explorer]</ref><ref>[http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/index.html nmfs.noaa.gov EQUALANT]</ref><ref>[http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/html_src/cruises.html nmfs.noaa.gov SHIP & CRUISE SUMMARY] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105405/http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/data/equalant/html_src/cruises.html |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> In 1964, a Coast and Geodetic Survey ship operated in the [[Indian Ocean]] for the first time, when ''Pioneer'' took part in the [[International Indian Ocean Expedition]], an international effort to study the Indian Ocean that lasted from 1959 to 1965.<ref>[http://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/pioneer3.html NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Pioneer]</ref>
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