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Michigan consists of two [[peninsula]]s. The [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsula]] resembles the shape of a [[mitten]], and comprises a majority of the state's land area. The [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] (often called "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the [[Straits of Mackinac]], a {{convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on|spell=in}} channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The [[Mackinac Bridge]] connects the peninsulas. Michigan has the longest [[freshwater]] coastline of any political subdivision in the United States, being bordered by four of the five [[Great Lakes]] and [[Lake St. Clair]].<ref name="NOAA-CRM">{{cite web |title = Ocean and Coastal Management in Michigan |url = http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130215041213/http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-date = February 15, 2013 |access-date = July 25, 2010 |publisher = NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management}}</ref> It also has 64,980 [[List of lakes of Michigan|inland lakes and ponds]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Breck |first = James E. |title = Compilation of Databases on Michigan Lakes |url = http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314225532/http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |archive-date = March 14, 2009 |access-date = April 18, 2009 |publisher = [[Michigan Department of Natural Resources]] |page = 5 |quote = Another unique code (Unique_ID) was previously assigned to all 70,542 polygons, including 5,527 islands, 35 streams and 64,980 lakes and ponds down to 0.008 acres (31.4 m2, 338 ft2 ).}}</ref> Michigan has the second-most water area of any state, behind only Alaska.<ref>"United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). [[United States Census Bureau]]. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved February 7, 2014.</ref>
Michigan consists of two [[peninsula]]s. The [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsula]] resembles the shape of a [[mitten]], and comprises a majority of the state's land area. The [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] (often called "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the [[Straits of Mackinac]], a {{convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on|spell=in}} channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The [[Mackinac Bridge]] connects the peninsulas. Michigan has the longest [[freshwater]] coastline of any political subdivision in the United States, being bordered by four of the five [[Great Lakes]] and [[Lake St. Clair]].<ref name="NOAA-CRM">{{cite web |title = Ocean and Coastal Management in Michigan |url = http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130215041213/http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html |archive-date = February 15, 2013 |access-date = July 25, 2010 |publisher = NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management}}</ref> It also has 64,980 [[List of lakes of Michigan|inland lakes and ponds]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Breck |first = James E. |title = Compilation of Databases on Michigan Lakes |url = http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314225532/http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/technical/reports/2004-2tr.pdf |archive-date = March 14, 2009 |access-date = April 18, 2009 |publisher = [[Michigan Department of Natural Resources]] |page = 5 |quote = Another unique code (Unique_ID) was previously assigned to all 70,542 polygons, including 5,527 islands, 35 streams and 64,980 lakes and ponds down to 0.008 acres (31.4 m2, 338 ft2 ).}}</ref> Michigan has the second-most water area of any state, behind only Alaska.<ref>"United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). [[United States Census Bureau]]. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved February 7, 2014.</ref>


The area was first occupied by a succession of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes over thousands of years. In the 17th century, French explorers claimed it as part of the [[New France]] colony, when it was largely inhabited by Indigenous peoples. French and Canadian traders and settlers, [[Métis]], and others migrated to the area, settling largely along the waterways. After France's defeat in the [[French and Indian War]] in 1762, the region came under British rule. Britain ceded the territory to the newly independent United States after its defeat in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The area was part of the larger [[Northwest Territory]] until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the [[Indiana Territory]]. [[Michigan Territory]] was formed in 1805, but some of the northern border with [[Canada]] was not agreed upon until after the [[War of 1812]]. Michigan was admitted into the Union in 1837 as the 26th state, a [[Slave states and free states|free one]]. It soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region, attracting immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from many [[Europe|European countries]]. Immigrants from [[Finland]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and the [[Netherlands]] were especially numerous.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ueda |first = Reed |url = https://archive.org/details/americaschanging0002unse |title = America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |publisher = Greenwood |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-4408-2864-5 |url-access = registration}}</ref> Migration from [[Appalachia]] and of [[Black Southerners]] as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] increased in the 1930s,<ref>{{cite web |last = Balestier |first = Courtney |date = November 10, 2016 |title = In search of the Hillbilly Highway |url = https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221208094057/https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |archive-date = December 8, 2022 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = metromode}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = February: Shaping Black Detroit |url = https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230214034859/https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |archive-date = February 14, 2023 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = Research Guides |publisher = Wayne State University Libraries}}</ref> with many settling in Metro Detroit.
The area was first occupied by a succession of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes over thousands of years. In the 17th century, French explorers claimed it as part of the [[New France]] colony, when it was largely inhabited by Indigenous peoples. French and Canadian traders and settlers, [[Métis]], and others migrated to the area, settling largely along the waterways. After France's defeat in the [[French and Indian War]] in 1762, the region came under British rule. Britain ceded the territory to the newly independent United States after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War. The area was part of the larger [[Northwest Territory]] until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the [[Indiana Territory]]. [[Michigan Territory]] was formed in 1805, but some of the northern border with [[Canada]] was not agreed upon until after the [[War of 1812]]. Michigan was admitted into the Union in 1837 as the 26th state, a [[Slave states and free states|free one]]. It soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region, attracting immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from many [[Europe|European countries]]. Immigrants from [[Finland]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and the [[Netherlands]] were especially numerous.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ueda |first = Reed |url = https://archive.org/details/americaschanging0002unse |title = America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |publisher = Greenwood |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-4408-2864-5 |url-access = registration}}</ref> Migration from [[Appalachia]] and of [[Black Southerners]] as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] increased in the 1930s,<ref>{{cite web |last = Balestier |first = Courtney |date = November 10, 2016 |title = In search of the Hillbilly Highway |url = https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221208094057/https://www.secondwavemedia.com/metromode/features/hillbilly-highway-110716.aspx |archive-date = December 8, 2022 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = metromode}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = February: Shaping Black Detroit |url = https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230214034859/https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/sotm/2019/02 |archive-date = February 14, 2023 |access-date = October 4, 2022 |website = Research Guides |publisher = Wayne State University Libraries}}</ref> with many settling in Metro Detroit.


Although Michigan has developed a diverse economy, in the early 20th century it became widely known as the center of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|U.S. automotive industry]], which developed as a major national economic force. It is home to the country's [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|three major automobile companies]] (whose headquarters are all in Metro Detroit). Once exploited for logging and mining, today the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula is important for tourism because of its abundance of natural resources.<ref>{{cite web |last = Kandell |first = Jonathan |date = May 2011 |title = The Wonderful Wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula |url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135912/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |website = Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Archibald |first = Robert |title = An Environmental History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan: An Outline |url = https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |url-status =  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140033/https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |publisher = NMU Center for U.P. Studies}}</ref> The Lower Peninsula is a center of [[manufacturing]], [[forestry]], [[agriculture]], [[service (economics)|services]], and [[high-tech]] industry.
Although Michigan has developed a diverse economy, in the early 20th century it became widely known as the center of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|U.S. automotive industry]], which developed as a major national economic force. It is home to the country's [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|three major automobile companies]] (whose headquarters are all in Metro Detroit). Once exploited for logging and mining, today the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula is important for tourism because of its abundance of natural resources.<ref>{{cite web |last = Kandell |first = Jonathan |date = May 2011 |title = The Wonderful Wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula |url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135912/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-wonderful-wilderness-of-michigans-upper-peninsula-1803122/ |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |website = Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Archibald |first = Robert |title = An Environmental History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan: An Outline |url = https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |url-status =  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140033/https://www.nmu.edu/upperpeninsulastudies/environmental-history-upper-peninsula-michigan |archive-date = March 1, 2019 |access-date = February 28, 2019 |publisher = NMU Center for U.P. Studies}}</ref> The Lower Peninsula is a center of [[manufacturing]], [[forestry]], [[agriculture]], [[service (economics)|services]], and [[high-tech]] industry.
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From 1660 until the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of [[New France]].<ref group="lower-alpha">The Province included the modern states of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine.</ref> In 1760, [[Montreal]] fell to the British forces, ending the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763), the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe. Under the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River were ceded by defeated France to Great Britain.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Michigan |volume= 18 |last=  |first=  |author-link= | pages = 371&ndash;377; see page 376 |quote= History.— From 1613 until 1760 the territory now within the borders of Michigan formed a part of New France...&... During the last war between the English and the French in America the Michigan settlements passed into the possession of the English, Detroit in 1760 and...}}</ref> After the [[Quebec Act]] was passed in 1774, Michigan became part of the British [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Province of Quebec]]. By 1778, Detroit's population reached 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in Quebec province.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Jacqueline |last1 = Peterson |first2 = Jennifer S.H. |last2 = Brown |name-list-style = amp |title = Many Roads to Red River |year = 2001 |page = 69}}{{full citation needed|date= July 2015}}</ref>
From 1660 until the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of [[New France]].<ref group="lower-alpha">The Province included the modern states of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine.</ref> In 1760, [[Montreal]] fell to the British forces, ending the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763), the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe. Under the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River were ceded by defeated France to Great Britain.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Michigan |volume= 18 |last=  |first=  |author-link= | pages = 371&ndash;377; see page 376 |quote= History.— From 1613 until 1760 the territory now within the borders of Michigan formed a part of New France...&... During the last war between the English and the French in America the Michigan settlements passed into the possession of the English, Detroit in 1760 and...}}</ref> After the [[Quebec Act]] was passed in 1774, Michigan became part of the British [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Province of Quebec]]. By 1778, Detroit's population reached 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in Quebec province.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Jacqueline |last1 = Peterson |first2 = Jennifer S.H. |last2 = Brown |name-list-style = amp |title = Many Roads to Red River |year = 2001 |page = 69}}{{full citation needed|date= July 2015}}</ref>


During the [[American Revolutionary War]], Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or American Indians, many of whom had been allied with the French because of long trading ties. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]], the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the [[American Revolution]]. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of [[Kent County, Ontario|Kent County]], Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now [[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario|Niagara-on-the-Lake]]).<ref name=SFarmer>{{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Silas |title = The History of Detroit and Michigan; or, The Metropolis Illustrated; A Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan, and the Annals of Wayne County |orig-year = 1889 |url = http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001 |access-date = June 15, 2006 |year = 2005 |via = University of Michigan Library |page = 94 |chapter = Legislatures and Laws |chapter-url = http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;rgn=full%20text;idno=BAD1459.0001.001;didno=BAD1459.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000152}}</ref>
During the American Revolutionary War, Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or American Indians, many of whom had been allied with the French because of long trading ties. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]], the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the [[American Revolution]]. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of [[Kent County, Ontario|Kent County]], Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now [[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario|Niagara-on-the-Lake]]).<ref name=SFarmer>{{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Silas |title = The History of Detroit and Michigan; or, The Metropolis Illustrated; A Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan, and the Annals of Wayne County |orig-year = 1889 |url = http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001 |access-date = June 15, 2006 |year = 2005 |via = University of Michigan Library |page = 94 |chapter = Legislatures and Laws |chapter-url = http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;rgn=full%20text;idno=BAD1459.0001.001;didno=BAD1459.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000152}}</ref>


Under terms negotiated in the 1794 [[Jay Treaty]], Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and [[Drummond Island]] until 1818 and 1847, respectively.
Under terms negotiated in the 1794 [[Jay Treaty]], Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and [[Drummond Island]] until 1818 and 1847, respectively.
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