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National Academy of Sciences: Difference between revisions
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| formation = {{start date and age|1863|3|3}} | | formation = {{start date and age|1863|3|3}} | ||
| founders = [[Alexander Dallas Bache]]<br> | | founders = [[Alexander Dallas Bache]]<br>Abraham Lincoln | ||
| founding_location = 2101 [[Constitution Avenue]], NW, [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. 20418 | | founding_location = 2101 [[Constitution Avenue]], NW, [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. 20418 | ||
| extinction = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | | extinction = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | ||
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As a [[national academy]], new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Members of the National Academy of Sciences]] serve ''[[pro bono]]'' as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a [[congressional charter]] under [[Title 36 of the United States Code]]. | As a [[national academy]], new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Members of the National Academy of Sciences]] serve ''[[pro bono]]'' as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a [[congressional charter]] under [[Title 36 of the United States Code]]. | ||
Congress legislated and President | Congress legislated and President Abraham Lincoln signed an [[Act of Congress]] (1863) establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted government institution, created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/#:~:text=The%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20(NAS)%20is%20a%20private%2C,related%20to%20science%20and%20technology. |title=Mission |website=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020022809/https://nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/#:~:text=The%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20(NAS)%20is%20a%20private%2C,related%20to%20science%20and%20technology. |url-status=live }}</ref> This objective gave the academy the purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government -- rather than serving a single branch or executive agency, in contrast to the Library of Congress or many entities that report to the President. The goal was somewhat unusual at the time, and also different than other knowledge based entities serving a branch of government, such as the Library of Congress. The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services.<ref name="NASmission">{{cite web|title=Overview: NAS Mission|url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/|publisher=National Academies of Science|access-date=April 25, 2015|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020022809/https://nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Keck Center of the National Academies.JPG|thumb|The Keck Center of the National Academies in Washington, D.C., one of several facilities where the National Academy of Sciences maintains offices]] | [[File:Keck Center of the National Academies.JPG|thumb|The Keck Center of the National Academies in Washington, D.C., one of several facilities where the National Academy of Sciences maintains offices]] | ||
The Act of Incorporation, signed by President | The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, created the National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|NAS members]] came from the so-called "[[Scientific Lazzaroni]]", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] ({{Circa|1850}}).<ref>{{cite web |author=ITS |url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |title=Founding of the National Academy of Sciences |publisher=.nationalacademies.org |access-date=March 12, 2012 |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203154802/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of [[Alexander Dallas Bache]], and also [[Charles Henry Davis]], a professional [[astronomer]] who had been recently recalled from the Navy to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] to head the [[Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)|Bureau of Navigation]]. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist [[Louis Agassiz]] and American mathematician [[Benjamin Peirce|Peirce]], who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator [[Henry Wilson]] of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>For an analysis of the motives by Alexander Dallas Bache for founding the NAS, see Jansen, Axel (2011). ''Alexander Dallas Bache: Building the American Nation through Science and Education in the Nineteenth Century''. Campus. p. 285–314.</ref> | In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of [[Alexander Dallas Bache]], and also [[Charles Henry Davis]], a professional [[astronomer]] who had been recently recalled from the Navy to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] to head the [[Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)|Bureau of Navigation]]. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist [[Louis Agassiz]] and American mathematician [[Benjamin Peirce|Peirce]], who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator [[Henry Wilson]] of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>For an analysis of the motives by Alexander Dallas Bache for founding the NAS, see Jansen, Axel (2011). ''Alexander Dallas Bache: Building the American Nation through Science and Education in the Nineteenth Century''. Campus. p. 285–314.</ref> | ||