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 The [[Persian Gulf War]] marked the first time that military space forces were unleashed to their fullest extent. Over sixty spacecraft provided 90% of [[military communications|theater communications]] and [[command and control]] for a [[Coalition of the Gulf War|multinational army]] of 500,000 troops, [[Military meteorology|weather support]] for commanders and mission planners, [[missile warning]] of Iraqi [[Scud missile]] launches, and satellite navigation for air and land forces moving across a featureless desert.{{sfn|Spires|1998}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/01/2001329745/-1/-1/0/AFD-101001-060.pdf |title=The US Air Force in Space - 1945 to the 21st Century |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221193008/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/01/2001329745/-1/-1/0/AFD-101001-060.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The decisive role that space forces played directly enabled an overwhelming Coalition victory and led to the Persian Gulf War being coined "the first Space War."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.army.mil/article/161173/smdc_history_25_years_since_first_space_war | title=SMDC History: 25 years since first 'Space War' | date=20 January 2016 | access-date=20 November 2021 | archive-date=20 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164358/https://www.army.mil/article/161173/smdc_history_25_years_since_first_space_war | url-status=live }}</ref>
-While U.S. space forces supported all U.S. military operations in the 1990s, [[Operation Allied Force]] marked the first use of [[Global Positioning System]]-aided munitions in a conflict, ushering in a new era of precision bombing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0310bombs/ | title=The Emergence of Smart Bombs }}</ref> Following the [[September 11 attacks]], U.S. space forces mobilized to respond as part of the [[War on terror|Global War on Terrorism]] [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]], and [[Operation Inherent Resolve]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of the Sky to Master of Space |url=https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/Portals/17/2019_Heritage_Pamphlet%20pdf.pdf |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=Schriever Space Force Base}}</ref>
+While U.S. space forces supported all U.S. military operations in the 1990s, [[Operation Allied Force]] marked the first use of [[Global Positioning System]]-aided munitions in a conflict, ushering in a new era of precision bombing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0310bombs/ | title=The Emergence of Smart Bombs }}</ref> Following the September 11 attacks, U.S. space forces mobilized to respond as part of the [[War on terror|Global War on Terrorism]] [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]], and [[Operation Inherent Resolve]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of the Sky to Master of Space |url=https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/Portals/17/2019_Heritage_Pamphlet%20pdf.pdf |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=Schriever Space Force Base}}</ref>
 === Path to a separate space service ===
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 <ref name="afhistory.af.mil"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/RumsfeldCommission.pdf | title=Report to the Commission to Assess United States - National Security Space Management and Organization | website=aerospace.csis.org | date=2001-01-11}}</ref>
-Air Force leadership reacted extremely poorly to the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations. The day after the Commission was publicly released [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Air Force Chief of Staff]] General [[Michael E. Ryan]] declared "an independent Space Force or Corps was not warranted for at least another 50 years." General Ryan doubled down over the following year, stating that a Space Force should only be considered once space operations moved beyond Earth orbit. Despite the Air Force's hostility to the idea of a Space Corps or Space Force, they did meet some recommendations by transferring the [[Space and Missile Systems Center]] from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command and establishing the [[National Security Space Institute]].<ref name="afhistory.af.mil"/> Ultimately, the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations remained unfulfilled because of the higher priority placed on [[counterterrorism]] after the [[September 11 attacks]], canceling plans for a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force or a fully independent Space Force by 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spacenews.com/war-terror-supersedes-2001-space-commission-vision/ | title=War on Terror Supersedes 2001 Space Commission Vision | date=23 January 2006 }}</ref>
+Air Force leadership reacted extremely poorly to the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations. The day after the Commission was publicly released [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Air Force Chief of Staff]] General [[Michael E. Ryan]] declared "an independent Space Force or Corps was not warranted for at least another 50 years." General Ryan doubled down over the following year, stating that a Space Force should only be considered once space operations moved beyond Earth orbit. Despite the Air Force's hostility to the idea of a Space Corps or Space Force, they did meet some recommendations by transferring the [[Space and Missile Systems Center]] from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command and establishing the [[National Security Space Institute]].<ref name="afhistory.af.mil"/> Ultimately, the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations remained unfulfilled because of the higher priority placed on [[counterterrorism]] after the September 11 attacks, canceling plans for a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force or a fully independent Space Force by 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spacenews.com/war-terror-supersedes-2001-space-commission-vision/ | title=War on Terror Supersedes 2001 Space Commission Vision | date=23 January 2006 }}</ref>
 [[File:President Trump Signs the 2020 NDAA (49259070398).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] congratulating General [[Jay Raymond]] after signing the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020|2020 NDAA]] that established the U.S. Space Force]]