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 ===Directorate of Operations===
 {{Main|Directorate of Operations (CIA)}}
-The '''Directorate of Operations''' is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the [[Defense Clandestine Service]] (DCS),<ref name=GWUEBB46>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |title=DIA to send hundreds more spies overseas |date=December 1, 2012 |last=Miller |first=Greg |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Contrary to some public and [[mass media|media]] misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" [[intelligence agency]] but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense [[Clandestine HUMINT|HUMINT]] activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.<ref>Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html "Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117014605/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html |date=January 17, 2024 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>
+The '''Directorate of Operations''' is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the [[Defense Clandestine Service]] (DCS),<ref name=GWUEBB46>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |title=DIA to send hundreds more spies overseas |date=December 1, 2012 |last=Miller |first=Greg |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Contrary to some public and [[mass media|media]] misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" [[intelligence agency]] but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense [[Clandestine HUMINT|HUMINT]] activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.<ref>Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html "Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117014605/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html |date=January 17, 2024 }}, ''The New York Times''.</ref>
 This Directorate is known to be organized by geographic regions and issues, but its precise organization is classified.<ref name=NSAEBB>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |chapter=Defense HUMINT Service Organizational Chart |title=The "Death Squad Protection" Act: Senate Measure Would Restrict Public Access to Crucial Human Rights Information Under the Freedom of Information Act |first1=Thomas S. |last1=Blanton |first2=Michael L. |last2=Evans |first3=Kate |last3=Martin |date=July 17, 2000 |series=George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 34 |access-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109140707/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
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 In response, Director of Central Intelligence [[George Tenet]] established [[CIA University]] in 2002.<ref name=campus/><ref name=history/> CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.<ref name=campus/><ref name=npr/> The facility works in partnership with the [[National Intelligence University]], and includes the [[Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis]], the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.<ref name=history/><ref name=learning>{{cite web |title=Life in HR: Learning Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=February 12, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429131704/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=training>{{cite web |title=Training Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=January 23, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612191020/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |access-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref>
-For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at [[Camp Peary]], near [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book ''Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services''.<ref name=AOM>{{Cite book |title=Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services |author=The OSS Assessment Staff |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation (original printing by Rinehart and Company, Inc.) |orig-date=1948 |year=1969}}</ref> Additional mission training is conducted at [[Harvey Point]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name=nyt88>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |title=Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325225636/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at [[Camp Peary]], near [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book ''Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services''.<ref name=AOM>{{Cite book |title=Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services |author=The OSS Assessment Staff |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation (original printing by Rinehart and Company, Inc.) |orig-date=1948 |year=1969}}</ref> Additional mission training is conducted at [[Harvey Point]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name=nyt88>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |title=Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325225636/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The primary training facility for the Office of Communications is [[Warrenton Training Center]], located near [[Warrenton, Virginia]]. The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.<ref name=fasB>{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Warrenton Station B |website=Federation of American Scientists |year=2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |access-date=March 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605143410/https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the General Counsel |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=October 31, 1954 |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526171137/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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 The return of the Shah to power, and the impression, cultivated by [[Allen Dulles]], that an effective CIA had been able to guide that nation to friendly and stable relations with the West triggered planning for Operation PBSuccess, a plan to overthrow [[Guatemala]]n President [[Jacobo Arbenz]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=93}} The plan was exposed in major newspapers before it happened after a CIA agent left plans for the coup in his [[Guatemala City]] hotel room.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=95}}
-The [[Guatemalan Revolution]] of 1944–54 overthrew the U.S. backed dictator [[Jorge Ubico]] and brought a democratically elected government to power. The government began an ambitious [[Decree 900|agrarian reform]] program which sought to grant land to millions of landless peasants. The program threatened the land holdings of the [[United Fruit Company]], who lobbied for a coup by portraying these reforms as communist.<ref name="Schlesinger"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Allan D. |last=Cooper |year=2009 |title=The Geography of Genocide |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |isbn=978-0-7618-4097-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |page=171 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814142731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul J. |last=Dosal |year=1995 |title=Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-84202-590-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |page=2 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103453/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |first=Maggie |last=Jones |title=The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215224850/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[Guatemalan Revolution]] of 1944–54 overthrew the U.S. backed dictator [[Jorge Ubico]] and brought a democratically elected government to power. The government began an ambitious [[Decree 900|agrarian reform]] program which sought to grant land to millions of landless peasants. The program threatened the land holdings of the [[United Fruit Company]], who lobbied for a coup by portraying these reforms as communist.<ref name="Schlesinger"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Allan D. |last=Cooper |year=2009 |title=The Geography of Genocide |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |isbn=978-0-7618-4097-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |page=171 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814142731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul J. |last=Dosal |year=1995 |title=Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-84202-590-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |page=2 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103453/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |first=Maggie |last=Jones |title=The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215224850/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 On June 18, 1954, [[Carlos Castillo Armas]] led 480 CIA-trained men across the border from [[Honduras]] into Guatemala. The weapons had also come from the CIA.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=161–170}} The CIA mounted a psychological campaign to convince the Guatemalan people and government that Armas's victory was a ''fait accompli''. Its largest aspect was a radio broadcast entitled "The Voice of Liberation" which announced that Guatemalan exiles led by Castillo Armas were shortly about to liberate the country.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=161–170}} On June 25, a CIA plane bombed Guatemala City, destroying the government's main oil reserves. Árbenz ordered the army to distribute weapons to local peasants and workers.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} The army refused, forcing Jacobo Árbenz's resignation on June 27, 1954. Árbenz handed over power to Colonel [[Carlos Enrique Diaz]].{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} The CIA then orchestrated a series of power transfers that ended with the confirmation of Castillo Armas as president in July 1954.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} Armas was the first in a series of military dictators that would rule the country, leading to the brutal [[Guatemalan Civil War]] from 1960 to 1996, in which some 200,000 people were killed, mostly by the U.S.-backed military.{{refn|name=pbsucc|<ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Schlesinger |author-link=Stephen Schlesinger |date=June 3, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/opinion/04schlesinger.html |title=Ghosts of Guatemala's Past |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2014 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217012056/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/opinion/04schlesinger.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cullather |first=Nick |title=Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954 |edition=Second |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10654 |date=October 9, 2006 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-5468-2 |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320123511/http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10654 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gleijeses |first=Piero |author-link=Piero Gleijeses |title=Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691025568/shattered-hope |date=1992 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-02556-8 |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831214105/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691025568/shattered-hope |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=Stephen M. |title=Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h17R_A0n-1MC |date=2000 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-89680-215-5 |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603092610/https://books.google.com/books?id=h17R_A0n-1MC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html |title=Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds |first=Mireya |last=Navarro |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 26, 1999 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=February 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227215408/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
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 The CIA established a base for the operation, with the cryptonym [[JMWAVE]], at a disused [[Naval Air Station Richmond|naval facility]] on the [[University of Miami]] campus. The operation was so extensive that it housed the largest number of CIA officers outside of Langley, eventually numbering some four hundred. It was a major employer in Florida, with several thousand agents in clandestine pay of the agency.<ref name=Stepick02>{{cite book |editor-last1=Suárez-Orozco |editor-first1=Marcelo M. |editor-last2=Páez |editor-first2=Mariela M. |last1=Stepick |first1=Alex |last2=Stepick |first2=Carol Dutton |title=Latinos: Remaking America |chapter=Power and Identity |quote=Through the 1960s, the private University of Miami had the largest Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station in the world, outside of the organization's headquarters in Virginia. With perhaps as many as twelve thousand Cubans in Miami on its payroll at one point in the early 1960s, the CIA was one of the largest employers in the state of Florida. It supported what was described as the third largest navy in the world and over fifty front businesses: CIA boat shops, gun shops, travel agencies, detective agencies, and real estate agencies |date=2002 |publisher=[[University of California Press]], [[David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies|Harvard University Center for Latin American Studies]] |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Berkeley/London |isbn=978-0520258273 |pages=75–81 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609053206/https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bohning05>{{cite book |last1=Bohning |first1=Don |title=The Castro obsession: U.S. covert operations against Cuba, 1959-1965 |quote=By the end of 1962 the CIA station at an abandoned Navy air facility south of Miami had become the largest in the world outside its Langley, Virginia headquarters... Eventually some four hundred clandestine service officers toiled there... Additional CIA officers worked the Cuba account at Langley and elsewhere. |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press|University of Nebraska Press/Potomac Books]] |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=9781574886757 |pages=1, 84 |edition=1st |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025064302/https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The terrorist activities carried out by agents armed, organized and funded by the CIA were a further source of tension between the U.S. and Cuban governments. They were a major factor contributing to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] decision to place missiles in Cuba, leading to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref name=Miller02>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Nicola |editor-last1=Carter |editor-first1=Dale |editor-last2=Clifton |editor-first2=Robin |chapter=The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba |title=War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780333919408 |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9781403913852 |pages=211–237 |doi=10.1057/9781403913852 |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155529/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781403913852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Brenner90>{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=Philip |title=Cuba and the Missile Crisis |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |date=March 1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=115–142 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X00015133 |s2cid=145075193 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231965249 |quote=While Operation Mongoose was discontinued early in 1963, terrorist actions were reauthorised by the president. In October 1963, 13 major CIA actions against Cuba were approved for the next two months alone, including the sabotage of an electric power plant, a sugar mill and an oil refinery. Authorised CIA raids continued at least until 1965. |access-date=September 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907122348/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Brenner3/publication/231965249_Cuba_and_the_Missile_Crisis/links/55bbb84f08aed621de0dc269.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref>
-The attacks continued through 1965.<ref name=Brenner90/> Though the level of terrorist activity directed by the CIA lessened in the second half of the 1960s, in 1969 the CIA was directed to intensify its operations against Cuba.<ref name=Garthoff11>{{cite book |last1=Garthoff |first1=Raymond |author-link=Raymond L. Garthoff |title=Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis |quote=One of [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba |date=2011 |page=144 |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]] |url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=9780815717393 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063522/https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Exile terrorists were still in the employ of the CIA in the mid-1970s, including [[Luis Posada Carriles]].<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NYTPosada05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> He remained on the CIA's payroll until mid-1976,<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> and is widely believed to be responsible for the October 1976 [[Cubana de Aviación Flight 455|Cubana 455 flight bombing]], killing 73 people – the deadliest instance of airline terrorism in the western hemisphere prior to the [[September 11 attacks|attacks of September 2001]] in New York.<ref name=BBC05>{{cite news |title=Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |access-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222025803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |archive-date=February 22, 2006 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]]|quote=The documents, released by George Washington University's National Security Archive, show that Mr Posada, now in his 70s, was on the CIA payroll from the 1960s until mid-1976.|publisher=BBC|location=London|date=May 11, 2005}}</ref><ref name=NYTPosada05>{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Tim |title=Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist |date=May 9, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |access-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715044307/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |archive-date=July 15, 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=NSArchive06>{{cite report |editor1-last=Kornbluh |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=White |editor2-first=Yvette |date=October 5, 2006 |title=Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later |work=[[National Security Archive]] |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |access-date=April 3, 2020 |quote=Among the documents posted is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada's career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board, many of them teenagers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225444/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The attacks continued through 1965.<ref name=Brenner90/> Though the level of terrorist activity directed by the CIA lessened in the second half of the 1960s, in 1969 the CIA was directed to intensify its operations against Cuba.<ref name=Garthoff11>{{cite book |last1=Garthoff |first1=Raymond |author-link=Raymond L. Garthoff |title=Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis |quote=One of [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba |date=2011 |page=144 |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]] |url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=9780815717393 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063522/https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Exile terrorists were still in the employ of the CIA in the mid-1970s, including [[Luis Posada Carriles]].<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NYTPosada05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> He remained on the CIA's payroll until mid-1976,<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> and is widely believed to be responsible for the October 1976 [[Cubana de Aviación Flight 455|Cubana 455 flight bombing]], killing 73 people – the deadliest instance of airline terrorism in the western hemisphere prior to the [[September 11 attacks|attacks of September 2001]] in New York.<ref name=BBC05>{{cite news |title=Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |access-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222025803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |archive-date=February 22, 2006 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]]|quote=The documents, released by George Washington University's National Security Archive, show that Mr Posada, now in his 70s, was on the CIA payroll from the 1960s until mid-1976.|publisher=BBC|location=London|date=May 11, 2005}}</ref><ref name=NYTPosada05>{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Tim |title=Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist |date=May 9, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |access-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715044307/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |archive-date=July 15, 2015 |url-status=live |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=NSArchive06>{{cite report |editor1-last=Kornbluh |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=White |editor2-first=Yvette |date=October 5, 2006 |title=Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later |work=[[National Security Archive]] |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |access-date=April 3, 2020 |quote=Among the documents posted is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada's career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board, many of them teenagers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225444/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 Despite the damage done and civilians killed in the CIA's terrorist attacks, by the measure of its stated objective the project was a complete failure.<ref name=Franklin16/><ref name=Erlich16/>
@@ Line 443: / Line 443: @@
 On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that [[Osama bin Laden]] was killed earlier that day by "a small team of Americans" operating in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, during a CIA operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html |title=Osama Bin Laden killed in CIA operation |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 8, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715222605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Ken |last=Dilanian |title=CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524113215/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story |url-status=live }}</ref> The raid was executed from a CIA forward base in Afghanistan by elements of the U.S. Navy's [[Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] and CIA paramilitary operatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaffney: Bin Laden's welcome demise | first=Frank J. Jr. |last=Gaffney |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/bin-laden-creates-opportunity-for-fresh-start-on-c |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506162532/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/bin-laden-creates-opportunity-for-fresh-start-on-c/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the CIA's capture and [[Interrogational torture|interrogation]] of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|Khalid Sheik Mohammad]], which led to the identity of a courier of bin Laden's,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42859770 |title=Counterterrorism chief declares al-Qaida 'in the past' |date=May 2, 2011 |website=NBC News |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924000710/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42859770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Tim |last=Ross |title=Osama bin Laden dead: trusted courier led US special forces to hideout |date=May 4, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |website=CNN |title=Debate rages about role of torture |date=May 20, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513060423/http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the tracking of the courier to the compound by [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary operatives and the establishing of a CIA safe house to provide critical tactical intelligence for the operation.<ref name="cia spied obl safehouse waspo">{{cite news |title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 5, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510144552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Mark |last1=Mazzetti |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Peter |last3=Baker |title=Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pakistan-rattled-by-news-of-cia-safe-house-in-abbottabad/ |website=[[CBS News]] |title=Pakistan rattled by news of CIA safe house in Abbottabad |date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509025244/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20060479-503543.html |archive-date=May 9, 2011 }}</ref>
+The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the CIA's capture and [[Interrogational torture|interrogation]] of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|Khalid Sheik Mohammad]], which led to the identity of a courier of bin Laden's,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42859770 |title=Counterterrorism chief declares al-Qaida 'in the past' |date=May 2, 2011 |website=NBC News |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924000710/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42859770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Tim |last=Ross |title=Osama bin Laden dead: trusted courier led US special forces to hideout |date=May 4, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |website=CNN |title=Debate rages about role of torture |date=May 20, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513060423/http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the tracking of the courier to the compound by [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary operatives and the establishing of a CIA safe house to provide critical tactical intelligence for the operation.<ref name="cia spied obl safehouse waspo">{{cite news |title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 5, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510144552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |newspaper=The New York Times |first1=Mark |last1=Mazzetti |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Peter |last3=Baker |title=Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pakistan-rattled-by-news-of-cia-safe-house-in-abbottabad/ |website=[[CBS News]] |title=Pakistan rattled by news of CIA safe house in Abbottabad |date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509025244/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20060479-503543.html |archive-date=May 9, 2011 }}</ref>
 The CIA ran a fake vaccination clinic in an attempt to locate [[Osama bin Laden]]. This was revealed after bin Laden's death and may have negatively affected the campaign against polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In some rural areas, vaccination workers were banned by the Taliban or chased away by locals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Jonathan|date=October 2017|title=How Drone Strikes and a Fake Vaccination Program Have Inhibited Polio Eradication in Pakistan: An Analysis of National Level Data|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25135|journal=International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation|volume=47|issue=4|pages=807–25|doi=10.1177/0020731417722888|issn=1541-4469|pmid=28764582|s2cid=25844860|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082540/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|date=July 9, 2012|title=C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/cia-vaccine-ruse-in-pakistan-may-have-harmed-polio-fight.html|access-date=July 3, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192832/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/cia-vaccine-ruse-in-pakistan-may-have-harmed-polio-fight.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been many deadly attacks by militants against vaccination workers in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Aizenman|first1=Nurith|date=January 23, 2018|title=Pakistan Raises Its Guard After 2 Polio Vaccinators Are Gunned Down|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/23/580002283/pakistan-raises-its-guard-after-two-polio-vaccinators-are-gunned-down|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116052929/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/23/580002283/pakistan-raises-its-guard-after-two-polio-vaccinators-are-gunned-down|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts to eradicate polio have furthermore been disrupted by [[Drone strikes in Pakistan|American drone strikes]].<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 500: / Line 500: @@
 The problem is two-fold. Part of the problem, according to Author Tim Weiner, is that political appointees designated by recent presidential administrations have sometimes been under-qualified or over-zealous politically. Large scale purges have taken place in the upper echelons of the CIA, and when those talented individuals are pushed out the door, they have frequently gone on to found new independent intelligence companies which can suck up CIA talent.<ref name="Ashes" /> Another part of the contracting problem comes from Congressional restrictions on the number of employees within the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees{{snd}}more or less."<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/> The number of independent contractors hired by the Federal government across the intelligence community has skyrocketed. So, not only does the CIA have trouble hiring, but those hires will frequently leave their permanent employ for shorter term contract gigs which have much higher pay and allow for more career mobility.<ref name="Ashes" />
-As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, [[Boeing]]. The next-generation satellite [[Future Imagery Architecture]] project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4&nbsp;billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.<ref name="AWST2005-03-20">{{Cite journal |title=SBIRS High in the Red Again |date=March 20, 2005 |first1=Amy |last1=Butler |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |journal=Aviation Week |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022651/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |title=In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids |last=Taubman |first=Philip |date=November 11, 2007 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013929/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, [[Boeing]]. The next-generation satellite [[Future Imagery Architecture]] project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4&nbsp;billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.<ref name="AWST2005-03-20">{{Cite journal |title=SBIRS High in the Red Again |date=March 20, 2005 |first1=Amy |last1=Butler |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |journal=Aviation Week |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022651/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |title=In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids |last=Taubman |first=Philip |date=November 11, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013929/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<ref name=BenRich>{{cite book |title=Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed |first=Ben R. |last=Rich |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1996 |isbn=0-316-74330-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr }}</ref>