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Central Intelligence Agency: Difference between revisions
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The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/> | The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/> | ||
Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the | Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the [[fiscal year]] 2010, the CIA had the [[United States intelligence budget|largest budget]] of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |title=Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence |author=Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community |date=March 1, 1996 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212104613/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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{{See also|CIA activities in Afghanistan|Operation Cyclone}} | {{See also|CIA activities in Afghanistan|Operation Cyclone}} | ||
{{Further|Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden}} | {{Further|Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden}} | ||
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Critics assert that funding the Afghan [[mujahideen]] in [[Operation Cyclone]] played a role in causing the | [[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Critics assert that funding the Afghan [[mujahideen]] in [[Operation Cyclone]] played a role in causing the September 11 attacks.]] | ||
In [[Afghanistan]], the CIA funneled several billion dollars' worth of weapons,<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|page=238}}</ref> including [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missiles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |title=Afghanistan war logs: US covered up fatal Taliban missile strike on Chinook |first=Declan |last=Walsh |date=July 25, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205180111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Pakistan]]i [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)—which funneled them to tens of thousands of [[Afghan mujahideen]] resistance fighters in order to fight the Soviets and the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=144–145}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2009 |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |title=Story of US, CIA and Taliban |newspaper=[[The Brunei Times]] |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |archive-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=West |first=Julian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=April 9, 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In total, the CIA sent approximately 2,300 Stingers to Afghanistan, creating a substantial [[black market]] for the weapons throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and even parts of Africa that persisted well into the 1990s. Perhaps 100 Stingers were acquired by Iran. The CIA later operated a program to recover the Stingers through cash buybacks.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=233, 337–338}}</ref> | In [[Afghanistan]], the CIA funneled several billion dollars' worth of weapons,<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|page=238}}</ref> including [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missiles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |title=Afghanistan war logs: US covered up fatal Taliban missile strike on Chinook |first=Declan |last=Walsh |date=July 25, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205180111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Pakistan]]i [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)—which funneled them to tens of thousands of [[Afghan mujahideen]] resistance fighters in order to fight the Soviets and the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=144–145}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2009 |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |title=Story of US, CIA and Taliban |newspaper=[[The Brunei Times]] |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |archive-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=West |first=Julian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=April 9, 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In total, the CIA sent approximately 2,300 Stingers to Afghanistan, creating a substantial [[black market]] for the weapons throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and even parts of Africa that persisted well into the 1990s. Perhaps 100 Stingers were acquired by Iran. The CIA later operated a program to recover the Stingers through cash buybacks.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=233, 337–338}}</ref> | ||
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===Failures in intelligence analysis=== | ===Failures in intelligence analysis=== | ||
A major criticism is a failure to forestall the | A major criticism is a failure to forestall the September 11 attacks. The [[9/11 Commission Report]] identified failures in the IC as a whole. One problem, for example, was the FBI failing to "connect the dots" by sharing information among its decentralized field offices. | ||
The report concluded that former DCI [[George Tenet]] failed to adequately prepare the agency to deal with the danger posed by [[al-Qaeda]] prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Milo L. |last2=Silberzahn |first2=Philippe |year=2013 |title=Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-80479-336-0 |pages=198–202 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The report was finished in June 2005 and was partially released to the public in an agreement with Congress, over the objections of current DCI General [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael Hayden]]. Hayden said its publication would "consume time and attention revisiting ground that is already well plowed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |title=Tenet's C.I.A. Unprepared for Qaeda Threat, Report Says |newspaper=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Stout |first2=Mark |last2=Mazzetti |date=August 21, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015319/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tenet disagreed with the report's conclusions, citing his planning efforts vis-à-vis al-Qaeda, particularly from 1999.<ref name="BBC2007-08022">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |title=CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11 |website=BBC News online |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, [[Carl W. Ford Jr.]] remarked, "As long as we rate intelligence more for its volume than its quality, we will continue to turn out the $40 billion pile of crap we have become famous for." He further stated, "[The CIA is] broken. It's so broken that nobody wants to believe it."<ref name=":0">Tim Winer. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday, 2007.</ref> | The report concluded that former DCI [[George Tenet]] failed to adequately prepare the agency to deal with the danger posed by [[al-Qaeda]] prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Milo L. |last2=Silberzahn |first2=Philippe |year=2013 |title=Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-80479-336-0 |pages=198–202 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The report was finished in June 2005 and was partially released to the public in an agreement with Congress, over the objections of current DCI General [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael Hayden]]. Hayden said its publication would "consume time and attention revisiting ground that is already well plowed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |title=Tenet's C.I.A. Unprepared for Qaeda Threat, Report Says |newspaper=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Stout |first2=Mark |last2=Mazzetti |date=August 21, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015319/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tenet disagreed with the report's conclusions, citing his planning efforts vis-à-vis al-Qaeda, particularly from 1999.<ref name="BBC2007-08022">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |title=CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11 |website=BBC News online |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, [[Carl W. Ford Jr.]] remarked, "As long as we rate intelligence more for its volume than its quality, we will continue to turn out the $40 billion pile of crap we have become famous for." He further stated, "[The CIA is] broken. It's so broken that nobody wants to believe it."<ref name=":0">Tim Winer. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday, 2007.</ref> | ||