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BP: Difference between revisions
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===1979 to 1997=== | ===1979 to 1997=== | ||
The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] sold 80 million shares of BP at $7.58 in 1979, as part of [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher-era]] privatisation. This sale represented slightly more than 5% of BP's total shares and reduced the government's ownership of the company to 46%.<ref name="Globe1979"/> On 19 October 1987, Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] authorised the sale of an additional GBP7.5 billion ($12.2 billion) of BP shares at 333 pence, representing the government's remaining 31% stake in the company.<ref name="Lohr1987"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Steve |last=Lohr |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/business/bp-issue-to-proceed-safeguard-put-on-price.html |title=B.P. Issue to Proceed; Safeguard Put on Price |newspaper= | The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] sold 80 million shares of BP at $7.58 in 1979, as part of [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher-era]] privatisation. This sale represented slightly more than 5% of BP's total shares and reduced the government's ownership of the company to 46%.<ref name="Globe1979"/> On 19 October 1987, Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] authorised the sale of an additional GBP7.5 billion ($12.2 billion) of BP shares at 333 pence, representing the government's remaining 31% stake in the company.<ref name="Lohr1987"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Steve |last=Lohr |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/business/bp-issue-to-proceed-safeguard-put-on-price.html |title=B.P. Issue to Proceed; Safeguard Put on Price |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 October 1987 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> | ||
In November 1987, the [[Kuwait Investment Authority|Kuwait Investment Office]] purchased a 10.06% interest in BP, becoming the largest institutional shareholder.<ref name="TorontoStar1987"/> The following May, the KIO purchased additional shares, bringing their ownership to 21.6%.<ref name=nyt191187/> This raised concerns within BP that operations in the United States, BP's primary country of operations, would suffer. In October 1988, the British [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] required the KIO to reduce its shares to 9.6% within 12 months.<ref name="OConnor1988"/> | In November 1987, the [[Kuwait Investment Authority|Kuwait Investment Office]] purchased a 10.06% interest in BP, becoming the largest institutional shareholder.<ref name="TorontoStar1987"/> The following May, the KIO purchased additional shares, bringing their ownership to 21.6%.<ref name=nyt191187/> This raised concerns within BP that operations in the United States, BP's primary country of operations, would suffer. In October 1988, the British [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] required the KIO to reduce its shares to 9.6% within 12 months.<ref name="OConnor1988"/> | ||
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In January 2010, [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] became chairman of BP board of directors.<ref name=wsj191017>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-chairman-carl-henric-svanberg-to-retire-1508429234 | title=BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg to Retire | last=Kent | first=Sarah | newspaper= The Wall Street Journal | date=19 October 2017 | access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> | In January 2010, [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] became chairman of BP board of directors.<ref name=wsj191017>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-chairman-carl-henric-svanberg-to-retire-1508429234 | title=BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg to Retire | last=Kent | first=Sarah | newspaper= The Wall Street Journal | date=19 October 2017 | access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> | ||
On 20 April 2010, the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]], a major industrial accident, happened.<ref name=report2011/> Consequently, [[Bob Dudley]] replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.<ref name=reuters300910>{{Cite news |url = https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201441/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 March 2020 |title = New BP CEO says hopes to restore dividend in 2011 |last1 = Young |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Falloon |first2 = Matt |work = [[Reuters]] |date = 30 September 2010 |access-date = 30 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="DudleyRetires">{{cite news |title=BP Chief Executive Bob Dudley Is to Retire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/business/bp-ceo-bob-dudley-bernard-looney.html |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |newspaper= | On 20 April 2010, the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]], a major industrial accident, happened.<ref name=report2011/> Consequently, [[Bob Dudley]] replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.<ref name=reuters300910>{{Cite news |url = https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201441/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 March 2020 |title = New BP CEO says hopes to restore dividend in 2011 |last1 = Young |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Falloon |first2 = Matt |work = [[Reuters]] |date = 30 September 2010 |access-date = 30 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="DudleyRetires">{{cite news |title=BP Chief Executive Bob Dudley Is to Retire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/business/bp-ceo-bob-dudley-bernard-looney.html |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.<ref name=wsj100912/><ref name=nasdaq> | ||
{{Cite news | {{Cite news | ||
|url = http://www.nasdaq.com/article/bp-close-to-gom-assets-sale-analyst-blog-cm171508 | |url = http://www.nasdaq.com/article/bp-close-to-gom-assets-sale-analyst-blog-cm171508 | ||
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|date= 8 August 2012 | |date= 8 August 2012 | ||
|access-date= 16 September 2017}} | |access-date= 16 September 2017}} | ||
</ref> In November 2012, the U.S. Government temporarily banned BP from bidding any new federal contracts. The ban was conditionally lifted in March 2014.<ref name="Times 3-14-14">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/business/energy-environment/epa-to-lift-suspension-of-oil-leases-for-bp.html | title=U.S. Agrees to Allow BP Back into Gulf Waters to Seek Oil | newspaper= | </ref> In November 2012, the U.S. Government temporarily banned BP from bidding any new federal contracts. The ban was conditionally lifted in March 2014.<ref name="Times 3-14-14">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/business/energy-environment/epa-to-lift-suspension-of-oil-leases-for-bp.html | title=U.S. Agrees to Allow BP Back into Gulf Waters to Seek Oil | newspaper=The New York Times | date=14 March 2014 | access-date=14 March 2014 | last =Krauss | first = Clifford}}</ref> | ||
In February 2011, BP formed a partnership with [[Reliance Industries]], taking a 30% stake in a new Indian joint-venture for an initial payment of $7.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://nypost.com/2011/02/21/bp-announces-7-2b-partnership-with-indias-reliance/ | newspaper = [[New York Post]] | title = BP announces $7.2B partnership with India's Reliance | date=21 February 2011| access-date = 9 September 2012}}</ref> In September 2012, BP sold its subsidiary BP Chemicals (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., an operator of the Kuantan [[purified terephthalic acid]] (PTA) plant in Malaysia, to Reliance Industries for $230 million.<ref name=bl290912> | In February 2011, BP formed a partnership with [[Reliance Industries]], taking a 30% stake in a new Indian joint-venture for an initial payment of $7.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://nypost.com/2011/02/21/bp-announces-7-2b-partnership-with-indias-reliance/ | newspaper = [[New York Post]] | title = BP announces $7.2B partnership with India's Reliance | date=21 February 2011| access-date = 9 September 2012}}</ref> In September 2012, BP sold its subsidiary BP Chemicals (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., an operator of the Kuantan [[purified terephthalic acid]] (PTA) plant in Malaysia, to Reliance Industries for $230 million.<ref name=bl290912> | ||
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===Climate policy=== | ===Climate policy=== | ||
Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the [[Global Climate Coalition]], an industry organisation established to promote [[global warming scepticism]], but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of [[climate change]] is not when the link between [[greenhouse gas]]es and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change Speech By John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum (BP America) Stanford University, 19 May 1997 |url=http://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |work=From Capitalism To Democracy |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153114/https://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Stanford GSB">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |title=Breaking Ranks |publisher=Stanford Graduate School of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006112452/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], which [[Pew Center on Global Climate Change]] president [[Eileen Claussen]] then described as a transformative moment on the issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cornelissen|first=Joep|title=Corporate Communications: Theory and Practice|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761944362|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWVOhNxeLpEC}}</ref> In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that [[global warming]] was real and that urgent action was needed.<ref name=nyt050610>{{cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |title=How green is BP? | newspaper = | Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the [[Global Climate Coalition]], an industry organisation established to promote [[global warming scepticism]], but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of [[climate change]] is not when the link between [[greenhouse gas]]es and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change Speech By John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum (BP America) Stanford University, 19 May 1997 |url=http://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |work=From Capitalism To Democracy |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153114/https://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Stanford GSB">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |title=Breaking Ranks |publisher=Stanford Graduate School of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006112452/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], which [[Pew Center on Global Climate Change]] president [[Eileen Claussen]] then described as a transformative moment on the issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cornelissen|first=Joep|title=Corporate Communications: Theory and Practice|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761944362|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWVOhNxeLpEC}}</ref> In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that [[global warming]] was real and that urgent action was needed.<ref name=nyt050610>{{cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |title=How green is BP? | newspaper = The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/magazine/how-green-is-bp.html |date=8 December 2002 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> Notwithstanding this, from 1988 to 2015 BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=guardian100717/> In 2015, BP was listed by the UK-based non-profit organisation Influence Map as the fiercest opponent of action on climate change in Europe.<ref name=guardian050610>{{cite news |last= Neslen |first= Arthur | title = BP tops the list of firms obstructing climate action in Europe | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/21/bp-tops-the-list-of-firms-obstructing-climate-action-in-europe |date= 21 September 2015 |access-date = 25 October 2020}}</ref> In 2018, BP was the largest contributor to the campaign opposing [[Washington Initiative 1631|carbon fee initiative 1631]] in Washington State.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Seattle |title=Carbon-fee opponents raise record $25.8M to defeat I-1631 |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/carbon-fee-opponents-raise-record-25-8m-to-defeat-i-1631/ |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Robert Allendorfer, manager of BP's Cherry Point refinery, wrote the following in a letter to state lawmakers: "[Initiative 1631] would exempt six of the ten largest stationary source emitters in the state, including a coal-fired power plant, an aluminum smelter, and a number of pulp and paper plants."<ref>{{cite news |title=E&E News |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060095019 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> According to a 2019 [[The Guardian|Guardian]] ranking, BP was the 6th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.<ref name=guardian>{{Cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Matthew|last2=Watts|first2=Jonathan|date=9 October 2019|title=Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions | newspaper =[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> | ||
In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero]] [[carbon emissions]] across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/><ref name="LAT-Emissions"/><ref name=guardian120220/> Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchese|first=David Hodari and Adriano|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-11581517147|title=BP Wants to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050, but Doesn't Say How|date=12 February 2020|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=20 February 2020|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}</ref> BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/> The company discontinued involvement with [[American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers]], [[Western States Petroleum Association]], and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment.<ref name=sky260220/><ref name=bloomberg260220/> However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of [[Greenpeace UK]], and [[HuffPost]] unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, [[Texas Oil and Gas Association]], [[Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association]], and the [[Business Council of Australia]], among others.<ref name=huffpost280920/> | In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero]] [[carbon emissions]] across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/><ref name="LAT-Emissions"/><ref name=guardian120220/> Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchese|first=David Hodari and Adriano|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-11581517147|title=BP Wants to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050, but Doesn't Say How|date=12 February 2020|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=20 February 2020|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}</ref> BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/> The company discontinued involvement with [[American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers]], [[Western States Petroleum Association]], and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment.<ref name=sky260220/><ref name=bloomberg260220/> However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of [[Greenpeace UK]], and [[HuffPost]] unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, [[Texas Oil and Gas Association]], [[Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association]], and the [[Business Council of Australia]], among others.<ref name=huffpost280920/> | ||
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[[File:BP PLANT EXPLOSION-1 lowres2.jpg|thumb|Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion]] | [[File:BP PLANT EXPLOSION-1 lowres2.jpg|thumb|Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion]] | ||
In March 2005, the Texas City refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html#ixzz0nZaTzdqN |title="Gulf oil spill: BP has a long record of legal, ethical violations" 8 May 2010 by McClatchy Washington Bureau |publisher=Mcclatchydc.com |access-date=5 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605100643/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html| archive-date= 5 June 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> A {{convert|20|ft|adj=on}} column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant.<ref name="NYT 12 July 2010">{{cite news|title=In BP's Record, a History of Boldness and Costly Blunders|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/business/energy-environment/13bprisk.html|newspaper= | In March 2005, the Texas City refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html#ixzz0nZaTzdqN |title="Gulf oil spill: BP has a long record of legal, ethical violations" 8 May 2010 by McClatchy Washington Bureau |publisher=Mcclatchydc.com |access-date=5 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605100643/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html| archive-date= 5 June 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> A {{convert|20|ft|adj=on}} column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant.<ref name="NYT 12 July 2010">{{cite news|title=In BP's Record, a History of Boldness and Costly Blunders|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/business/energy-environment/13bprisk.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 July 2010|first=Sarah|last=Lyall}}</ref> The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.<ref name="baker">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf |title=Baker Panel Report |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523075540/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref> | ||
The fallout from the accident clouded BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There had been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the [[U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board|US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf |title=U.S. Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board Investigation Report on the BP Refinery Explosion and Fire of 23 March 2005 and BP's Safety Culture |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174726/http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> which "offered a scathing assessment of the company." OSHA found "organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation" and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau"/> The company pleaded guilty to a [[felony]] violation of the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], was fined $50 million, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act, and sentenced to three years probation.<ref name="justice.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_ag_850.html |title=#07-850: 10-25-07 British Petroleum to Pay More Than $370 Million in Environmental Crimes, Fraud Cases |publisher=Justice.gov |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> | The fallout from the accident clouded BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There had been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the [[U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board|US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf |title=U.S. Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board Investigation Report on the BP Refinery Explosion and Fire of 23 March 2005 and BP's Safety Culture |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174726/http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> which "offered a scathing assessment of the company." OSHA found "organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation" and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau"/> The company pleaded guilty to a [[felony]] violation of the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], was fined $50 million, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act, and sentenced to three years probation.<ref name="justice.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_ag_850.html |title=#07-850: 10-25-07 British Petroleum to Pay More Than $370 Million in Environmental Crimes, Fraud Cases |publisher=Justice.gov |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> | ||
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====2007 toxic substance release==== | ====2007 toxic substance release==== | ||
In 2007, 143 workers at the Texas City refinery claimed that they were injured when a toxic substance was released at the plant. In December 2009, after a three-week trial, a federal jury in Galveston awarded ten of those workers $10 million each in punitive damages, in addition to smaller damages for medical expenses and pain and suffering. The plant had a history of chemical releases.<ref name="Times - AP - Texas refinery - 2009">{{cite news|title=Jury Awards BP Workers $100 Million in Toxic Substance Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/business/energy-environment/19oil.html|access-date=19 March 2015|work= | In 2007, 143 workers at the Texas City refinery claimed that they were injured when a toxic substance was released at the plant. In December 2009, after a three-week trial, a federal jury in Galveston awarded ten of those workers $10 million each in punitive damages, in addition to smaller damages for medical expenses and pain and suffering. The plant had a history of chemical releases.<ref name="Times - AP - Texas refinery - 2009">{{cite news|title=Jury Awards BP Workers $100 Million in Toxic Substance Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/business/energy-environment/19oil.html|access-date=19 March 2015|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=18 December 2009}}</ref> In March 2010, the federal judge hearing the case reduced the jury's award to less than $500,000. U.S. District Judge Kenneth M. Hoyt said the plaintiffs failed to prove BP was grossly negligent.<ref name="Chron - 2010 Texas City">{{cite news|last1=Clanton|first1=Brett|title=BP wins $99 million reduction in Texas City fumes case|url=http://www.chron.com/business/article/BP-wins-99-million-reduction-in-Texas-City-fumes-1702033.php|access-date=19 March 2015|work=Houston Chronicle|date=16 March 2010}}</ref> | ||
====2010 chemical leak==== | ====2010 chemical leak==== | ||
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Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref> | Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref> | ||
Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=15 February 2022 | last=Sahagun |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NOLA 2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html | title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds | work=The Times-Picayune, New Orleans | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Schleifstein, Mark}}</ref> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<ref name="Australian - 2014 bluefin study">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064 | title=Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems | work=The Australian | date=14 February 2014 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in ''Proceedings of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]'', found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but ''The New York Times'' reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<ref name="Wines-24-March-14">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper= | Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=15 February 2022 | last=Sahagun |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NOLA 2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html | title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds | work=The Times-Picayune, New Orleans | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Schleifstein, Mark}}</ref> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<ref name="Australian - 2014 bluefin study">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064 | title=Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems | work=The Australian | date=14 February 2014 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in ''Proceedings of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]'', found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but ''The New York Times'' reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<ref name="Wines-24-March-14">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 March 2014}}</ref> | ||
====Effects on human health==== | ====Effects on human health==== | ||
Research discussed at a 2013 conference included preliminary results of an ongoing study being done by the [[National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences]] indicating that oil spill cleanup workers carry [[biomarkers]] of chemicals contained in the spilled oil and the dispersants used.<ref name="nola220113">{{cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2013/01/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_sci.html|title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill: Scientists say seafood safe, but health effects being measured|work=NOLA.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> A separate study is following the health issues of women and children affected by the spill. Several studies found that a "significant percentage" of Gulf residents reported mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and [[PTSD]].<ref name="nola220113"/> According to a [[Columbia University]] study investigating the health effects among children living less than 10 miles from the coast, more than a third of the parents report physical or mental health symptoms among their children.<ref name=nola220113 /> | Research discussed at a 2013 conference included preliminary results of an ongoing study being done by the [[National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences]] indicating that oil spill cleanup workers carry [[biomarkers]] of chemicals contained in the spilled oil and the dispersants used.<ref name="nola220113">{{cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2013/01/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_sci.html|title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill: Scientists say seafood safe, but health effects being measured|work=NOLA.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> A separate study is following the health issues of women and children affected by the spill. Several studies found that a "significant percentage" of Gulf residents reported mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and [[PTSD]].<ref name="nola220113"/> According to a [[Columbia University]] study investigating the health effects among children living less than 10 miles from the coast, more than a third of the parents report physical or mental health symptoms among their children.<ref name=nola220113 /> | ||
Australia's ''[[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]'' reported that people living along the gulf coast were becoming sick from the mixture of Corexit and oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030100741/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910 |url-status = dead|archive-date=30 October 2013 |title=Crude Solution |work=sixtyminutes |access-date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> [[Susan Shaw (conservationist)|Susan Shaw]], of the ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill Strategic Sciences Working Group, says "BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid'...But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit long before this spill." According to Shaw, BP's own safety sheet on Corexit says that there are "high and immediate human health hazards".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/bp-widespread-human-health-crisis-2013102717831227732.html|title=BP's 'widespread human health crisis'|author=Dahr Jamail|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Cleanup workers were not provided safety equipment by the company, and the safety manuals were "rarely if ever" followed, or distributed to workers, according to a ''[[Newsweek]]'' investigation. The safety manuals read: "Avoid breathing vapor" and "Wear suitable protective clothing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-bp-doesnt-want-you-know-about-2010-gulf-spill-63015|title=What BP Doesn't Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill|author=Mark Hertsgaard|date=22 April 2013|website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/27/coast_guard_grounds_ships_involved_in|title=Coast Guard Grounds Ships Involved in Spill Cleanup After 7 Fall Ill; BP Reportedly Preventing Fishermen from Wearing Respirators|work=Democracy Now!|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil clean up workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vanhemert|first=Kyle|title=BP Reportedly Preventing Clean-Up Workers From Wearing Respirators|url=https://gizmodo.com/5582758/bp-reportedly-preventing-clean-up-workers-from-wearing-respirators|work=Gizmodo|date=8 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Elizabeth|title=Fisherman files restraining order against BP|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/31/oil.spill.order/|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=5 March 2014|date=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schor|first=Elana|title=Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/07/09/09greenwire-petition-urges-obama-admin-to-protect-gulf-spi-60345.html|work= | Australia's ''[[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]'' reported that people living along the gulf coast were becoming sick from the mixture of Corexit and oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030100741/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910 |url-status = dead|archive-date=30 October 2013 |title=Crude Solution |work=sixtyminutes |access-date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> [[Susan Shaw (conservationist)|Susan Shaw]], of the ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill Strategic Sciences Working Group, says "BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid'...But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit long before this spill." According to Shaw, BP's own safety sheet on Corexit says that there are "high and immediate human health hazards".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/bp-widespread-human-health-crisis-2013102717831227732.html|title=BP's 'widespread human health crisis'|author=Dahr Jamail|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Cleanup workers were not provided safety equipment by the company, and the safety manuals were "rarely if ever" followed, or distributed to workers, according to a ''[[Newsweek]]'' investigation. The safety manuals read: "Avoid breathing vapor" and "Wear suitable protective clothing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-bp-doesnt-want-you-know-about-2010-gulf-spill-63015|title=What BP Doesn't Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill|author=Mark Hertsgaard|date=22 April 2013|website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/27/coast_guard_grounds_ships_involved_in|title=Coast Guard Grounds Ships Involved in Spill Cleanup After 7 Fall Ill; BP Reportedly Preventing Fishermen from Wearing Respirators|work=Democracy Now!|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil clean up workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vanhemert|first=Kyle|title=BP Reportedly Preventing Clean-Up Workers From Wearing Respirators|url=https://gizmodo.com/5582758/bp-reportedly-preventing-clean-up-workers-from-wearing-respirators|work=Gizmodo|date=8 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Elizabeth|title=Fisherman files restraining order against BP|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/31/oil.spill.order/|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=5 March 2014|date=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schor|first=Elana|title=Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/07/09/09greenwire-petition-urges-obama-admin-to-protect-gulf-spi-60345.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 March 2014|date=9 July 2010}}</ref> | ||
A peer-reviewed study published in ''[[The American Journal of Medicine]]'' reported significantly altered blood profiles of individuals exposed to the spilled oil and dispersants that put them at increased risk of developing liver cancer, leukemia and other disorders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/study-reveals-link-between-oil-spill-exposure-and-hematologic-and-hepatic-toxicity|title=Study Reveals Link Between Oil Spill Exposure and Hematologic and Hepatic Toxicity|work=elsevier.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> BP disputed its methodology and said other studies supported its position that dispersants did not create a danger to health.<ref name="BP gulf website - 13 Nov 2013">{{cite web|title=The Facts About Dispersants, November 13, 2013|url=http://www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212095734/http://www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/|url-status = dead|archive-date=12 December 2013|work=The State of the Gulf: BP Sets the Record Straight|publisher=BP|access-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> | A peer-reviewed study published in ''[[The American Journal of Medicine]]'' reported significantly altered blood profiles of individuals exposed to the spilled oil and dispersants that put them at increased risk of developing liver cancer, leukemia and other disorders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/study-reveals-link-between-oil-spill-exposure-and-hematologic-and-hepatic-toxicity|title=Study Reveals Link Between Oil Spill Exposure and Hematologic and Hepatic Toxicity|work=elsevier.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> BP disputed its methodology and said other studies supported its position that dispersants did not create a danger to health.<ref name="BP gulf website - 13 Nov 2013">{{cite web|title=The Facts About Dispersants, November 13, 2013|url=http://www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212095734/http://www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/|url-status = dead|archive-date=12 December 2013|work=The State of the Gulf: BP Sets the Record Straight|publisher=BP|access-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="Roach2006">{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412083614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2006 |title=Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling |newspaper=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=John |last=Roach |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | <ref name="Roach2006">{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412083614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2006 |title=Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling |newspaper=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=John |last=Roach |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=AccidentalRelease>{{cite news|title=Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html |newspaper= | <ref name=AccidentalRelease>{{cite news|title=Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html |newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Campbell |last1=Robertson |first2=Clifford |last2=Krauss |date=2 August 2010|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian151112>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/bp-deepwater-horizon-gulf-oil-spill |title=BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster |first1=Suzanne |last1=Goldenberg |first2=Dominic |last2=Rushe |date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 November 2012 |location=London}}</ref> | <ref name=guardian151112>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/bp-deepwater-horizon-gulf-oil-spill |title=BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster |first1=Suzanne |last1=Goldenberg |first2=Dominic |last2=Rushe |date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 November 2012 |location=London}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper= | <ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-holder-bp-oil-spill-settlement-20121115%2c0%2c335475.story |access-date=11 December 2012 |date=15 November 2012}}</ref> | <ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-holder-bp-oil-spill-settlement-20121115%2c0%2c335475.story |access-date=11 December 2012 |date=15 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=independent030909>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/the-greatest-20th-century-beneficiary-of-popular-mythology-has-been-the-cad-churchill-26563434.html |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |first=Kevin |last=Myers |title=The greatest 20th century beneficiary of popular mythology has been the cad Churchill |date=3 September 2009| access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> | <ref name=independent030909>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/the-greatest-20th-century-beneficiary-of-popular-mythology-has-been-the-cad-churchill-26563434.html |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |first=Kevin |last=Myers |title=The greatest 20th century beneficiary of popular mythology has been the cad Churchill |date=3 September 2009| access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="NYTRoots">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter1.html |title=The C.I.A. in Iran: Britain Fights Oil Nationalism |newspaper= | <ref name="NYTRoots">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter1.html |title=The C.I.A. in Iran: Britain Fights Oil Nationalism |newspaper=The New York Times |first=James |last=Risen |date=18 June 2000 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=SH>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |title=Oil in the Middle East |first=Stephen Hemsley |last=Longrigg |author-link=Stephen Hemsley Longrigg |year=1961 |oclc=237163}}</ref> | <ref name=SH>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |title=Oil in the Middle East |first=Stephen Hemsley |last=Longrigg |author-link=Stephen Hemsley Longrigg |year=1961 |oclc=237163}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=gulliver>{{cite web |url=http://www.sea-us.org.au/gulliver/bp.html |title=BP dossier |publisher=Sea-us.org.au |date=21 November 1999 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618100520/http://www.sea-us.org.au/gulliver/bp.html |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | <ref name=gulliver>{{cite web |url=http://www.sea-us.org.au/gulliver/bp.html |title=BP dossier |publisher=Sea-us.org.au |date=21 November 1999 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618100520/http://www.sea-us.org.au/gulliver/bp.html |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="NYtimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/business/company-news-bp-now-holding-95-of-standard.html |title=COMPANY NEWS; B.P. Now Holding 95% of Standard |work= | <ref name="NYtimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/business/company-news-bp-now-holding-95-of-standard.html |title=COMPANY NEWS; B.P. Now Holding 95% of Standard |work=The New York Times |date=14 May 1987 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Globe1979">{{cite news|title=Britons rush to buy oil company shares |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBK-9860-TXJ2-N009&csi=303830&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=The Globe and Mail (Canada) |date=10 November 1979 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043356/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBK-9860-TXJ2-N009&csi=303830&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> | <ref name="Globe1979">{{cite news|title=Britons rush to buy oil company shares |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBK-9860-TXJ2-N009&csi=303830&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=The Globe and Mail (Canada) |date=10 November 1979 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043356/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBK-9860-TXJ2-N009&csi=303830&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Lohr1987">{{cite news |title=Large Offering Is Set by B.P |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/10/business/large-offering-is-set-by-bp.html |newspaper= | <ref name="Lohr1987">{{cite news |title=Large Offering Is Set by B.P |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/10/business/large-offering-is-set-by-bp.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 October 1987 |access-date=9 October 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="TorontoStar1987">{{cite news|title=Kuwait buys 10 per cent stake in oil giant British Petroleum |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3WJ6-08G0-00RK-C451&csi=8286&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=19 November 1987 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043148/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3WJ6-08G0-00RK-C451&csi=8286&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> | <ref name="TorontoStar1987">{{cite news|title=Kuwait buys 10 per cent stake in oil giant British Petroleum |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3WJ6-08G0-00RK-C451&csi=8286&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=19 November 1987 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043148/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3WJ6-08G0-00RK-C451&csi=8286&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name="nyt191187">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/business/kuwait-has-10-of-bp-price-put-at-900-million.html |title=Kuwait has 10% of B.P.; price put at $900 million |newspaper= | <ref name="nyt191187">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/business/kuwait-has-10-of-bp-price-put-at-900-million.html |title=Kuwait has 10% of B.P.; price put at $900 million |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Steve |last=Lohr |date=19 November 1987 |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="OConnor1988">{{cite news|title=Order to Kuwait to reduce BP holdings eases strain in U.S. |last1=O'Connor |first1=Robert |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4PCY-FR10-TWDC-M4GR&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |date=9 October 1988 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043256/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4PCY-FR10-TWDC-M4GR&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> | <ref name="OConnor1988">{{cite news|title=Order to Kuwait to reduce BP holdings eases strain in U.S. |last1=O'Connor |first1=Robert |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4PCY-FR10-TWDC-M4GR&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |date=9 October 1988 |access-date=28 August 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043256/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4PCY-FR10-TWDC-M4GR&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper= | <ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 February 1988 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 September 1989 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 September 1989 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
| Line 1,099: | Line 1,099: | ||
<ref name=platts29042014>{{Cite news|url=http://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/london/bp-takes-520-mil-writedown-after-ditching-plan-26779042 |title=BP takes $520 mil writedown after ditching plan to develop US Utica shale |first1=Robert |last1=Perkins |date=29 April 2014|work=[[Platts]] |access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> | <ref name=platts29042014>{{Cite news|url=http://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/london/bp-takes-520-mil-writedown-after-ditching-plan-26779042 |title=BP takes $520 mil writedown after ditching plan to develop US Utica shale |first1=Robert |last1=Perkins |date=29 April 2014|work=[[Platts]] |access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="nyt200379">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/20/archives/bp-finds-success-without-iranian-oil-bps-bitter-experience-foothold.html |title=B.P. Finds Success Without Iranian Oil |first=Robert D. |last=Hershey jr. |date=29 March 1979 |newspaper= | <ref name="nyt200379">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/20/archives/bp-finds-success-without-iranian-oil-bps-bitter-experience-foothold.html |title=B.P. Finds Success Without Iranian Oil |first=Robert D. |last=Hershey jr. |date=29 March 1979 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Gosden16">{{cite news |title=BP in talks with grocery store partners to boost global forecourt sales |last1=Gosden |first1=Emily |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/26/bp-talks-grocery-store-partners-boost-global-forecourt-sales/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/26/bp-talks-grocery-store-partners-boost-global-forecourt-sales/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=9 August 2017|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | <ref name="Gosden16">{{cite news |title=BP in talks with grocery store partners to boost global forecourt sales |last1=Gosden |first1=Emily |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/26/bp-talks-grocery-store-partners-boost-global-forecourt-sales/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/26/bp-talks-grocery-store-partners-boost-global-forecourt-sales/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=9 August 2017|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | ||
| Line 1,185: | Line 1,185: | ||
<ref name="Bloomberg-sept-5-14">{{cite news|last1=Fisk |first1=Margaret Cronin |last2=Calkins |first2=Lauren Brubaker |last3=Feeley |first3=Jef |title='Worst Case' BP Ruling on Gulf Spill Means Billions More in Penalties |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-04/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-2010-gulf-of-mexico-spill.html |access-date=5 September 2014 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=4 September 2014 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name="Bloomberg-sept-5-14">{{cite news|last1=Fisk |first1=Margaret Cronin |last2=Calkins |first2=Lauren Brubaker |last3=Feeley |first3=Jef |title='Worst Case' BP Ruling on Gulf Spill Means Billions More in Penalties |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-04/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-2010-gulf-of-mexico-spill.html |access-date=5 September 2014 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=4 September 2014 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Times - barbier - 18 billion">{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Campbell|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=BP May Be Fined Up to $18 Billion for Spill in Gulf|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/business/bp-negligent-in-2010-oil-spill-us-judge-rules.html |access-date=6 September 2014|newspaper= | <ref name="Times - barbier - 18 billion">{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Campbell|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=BP May Be Fined Up to $18 Billion for Spill in Gulf|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/business/bp-negligent-in-2010-oil-spill-us-judge-rules.html |access-date=6 September 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 September 2014}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Bloomberg071215">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Aoife |last2=Bodoni|first2=Stephanie |last3=Levring|first3=Peter |last4=Sebag|first4=Gaspard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/oil-firms-dropped-from-eu-probe-into-fuel-price-manipulation-ihw0n00j |title=Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe|access-date=18 December 2015|date=7 December 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name="Bloomberg071215">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Aoife |last2=Bodoni|first2=Stephanie |last3=Levring|first3=Peter |last4=Sebag|first4=Gaspard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/oil-firms-dropped-from-eu-probe-into-fuel-price-manipulation-ihw0n00j |title=Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe|access-date=18 December 2015|date=7 December 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||