Army Futures Command: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|U.S. Army Command that runs modernization projects}}

The '''United States Army Futures Command''' ('''AFC''') is a [[United States Army]] [[Structure of the United States Army#Army Commands, and Army Service Component Commands|command]] that runs modernization projects.{{efn|name=g357}} It is headquartered in Austin, Texas.

The AFC began initial operations on 1 July 2018.<ref>US Army {{cite news |date=13 July 2018 |title=Army announces Austin as the home of new Army Futures Command |work=C-SPAN |url=https://www.army.mil/article/208477/army_announces_austin_as_the_home_of_new_army_futures_command |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717185238/https://www.army.mil/article/208477/army_announces_austin_as_the_home_of_new_army_futures_command |url-status=live }}</ref> It was created as a peer of [[United States Army Forces Command|Forces Command]] (FORSCOM), [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|Training and Doctrine Command]] (TRADOC), and [[United States Army Materiel Command|Army Materiel Command]] (AMC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organization {{!}} The United States Army |url=https://www.army.mil/organization/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Organization {{!}} The United States Army |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030708025938/https://www.army.mil/organization/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AR10-87" /> While the other commands focus on readiness to "fight tonight", AFC aims to improve future readiness for competition with near-peers.<ref name="MilleyReadiness2019">{{Cite web |title=The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley |url=https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.army.mil |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183412/https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mdb">{{Cite web |title=Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.armyupress.army.mil |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195353/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1oct2019">Sébastien Roblin [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/china-s-stealth-drones-hypersonic-missiles-surpass-threaten-u-s-ncna1064841 (11 Oct. 2019) China's stealth drones and hypersonic missiles surpass—and threaten—the U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012033146/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/china-s-stealth-drones-hypersonic-missiles-surpass-threaten-u-s-ncna1064841 |date=12 October 2019 }}

It is supported by the United States Army Reserve Innovation Command ([[75th Innovation Command]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Innovation Command Page - About Us |url=https://www.usar.army.mil/Commands/Functional/75th-Innovation-CMD/About-Us/ |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=US Army Reserve |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420232632/https://www.usar.army.mil/Commands/Functional/75th-Innovation-CMD/About-Us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Army Futures Command was established by Secretary of the Army Mark Esper to improve Army acquisition by creating better requirements and reducing the time to develop a system to meet them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Sydney J. Freedberg |date=2018-05-07 |title=Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper On Futures Command (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/05/permanent-evolution-secarmy-esper-on-futures-command-exclusive/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161640/https://breakingdefense.com/2018/05/permanent-evolution-secarmy-esper-on-futures-command-exclusive/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barone |first=Chelsea |date=2018-08-07 |title=The Army Futures Command Finds a Home in Austin, TX |url=https://modernbattlespace.com/2018/08/07/army-futures-command-finds-home-in-austin/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Modern Battlespace |language=en-US |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126202012/https://modernbattlespace.com/2018/08/07/army-futures-command-finds-home-in-austin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-14 |title=Authority Transfers Begin to Army Futures Command |url=https://www.ausa.org/news/authority-transfers-begin-army-futures-command |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=AUSA |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003141910/https://www.ausa.org/news/authority-transfers-begin-army-futures-command |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Matthew |date=2018-07-13 |title=It's Official: Austin Is Home of New Army Futures Command |url=https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2018/07/13/its-official-austin-home-new-army-futures-command.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Military.com |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827085359/https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2018/07/13/its-official-austin-home-new-army-futures-command.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1995 and 2009, the Army spent $32 billion on programs such as the [[Future Combat System]]<ref name="misuseOTA">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2014/08/pentagon-struggles-to-get-small-biz-tech/ (8 August 2014) Pentagon Struggles To Get Small-Biz Tech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222074800/https://breakingdefense.com/2014/08/pentagon-struggles-to-get-small-biz-tech/ |date=22 December 2019 }}: FCS misuse of OTA, other acquisition issues.</ref> that were later cancelled with no harvestable content.<ref>Dan Lamothe ''Washington Post'' [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/12/army-to-unveil-details-about-new-futures-command-in-biggest-reorganization-in-45-years/ (2018-07-12) Army to unveil details about new Futures Command in biggest reorganization in 45 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005182627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/12/army-to-unveil-details-about-new-futures-command-in-biggest-reorganization-in-45-years/ |date=5 October 2023 }}</ref> As of 2021, the Army had not fielded a new combat system in decades.<ref name="fp2015,03,02">{{Cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/02/why-hasnt-the-armys-regular-acquisition-process-produced-anything-in-decades/ |title=Thomas E. Ricks (MARCH 2, 2015)Why hasn't the Army's regular acquisition process produced anything in decades? --Future of War conference. |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905180206/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/02/why-hasnt-the-armys-regular-acquisition-process-produced-anything-in-decades/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="howFCSfailed">Matthew Cox [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711073214/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html |date=11 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="saferSmarterFaster">Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard Army.mil [https://www.militarynews.com/peninsula-warrior/features/army_features/safer-smarter-faster-an-interview-with-gen-james-mcconville/article_6af79dce-b16d-11e8-9c32-17be6e92ab04.html (6 September 2018) Safer, smarter, faster: An interview with Gen. James McConville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032525/https://www.militarynews.com/peninsula-warrior/features/army_features/safer-smarter-faster-an-interview-with-gen-james-mcconville/article_6af79dce-b16d-11e8-9c32-17be6e92ab04.html |date=7 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="edgeEroded">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live/video/20181114222400-the-u-s-could-lose-the-next-war-it-fights-after-appearing-to-lose-its-military-edge/?ftag=CNM15cf32c |title="US edge has eroded to a dangerous degree" |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115194952/https://www.cbsnews.com/live/video/20181114222400-the-u-s-could-lose-the-next-war-it-fights-after-appearing-to-lose-its-military-edge/?ftag=CNM15cf32c |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BigSix5yrTest1st">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-big-six-ramp-up-in-2021-learning-from-fcs/ (14 March 2019) Army 'Big Six' Ramp Up in 2021: Learning From FCS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204154/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-big-six-ramp-up-in-2021-learning-from-fcs/ |date=3 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="afcClarification" />

Over his tenure as Army Secretary, Esper led a process known as "night court", working with other top service officials, to free up and shift billions of dollars into modernization programs and based the new command in Austin, Texas, an area known for its innovative, technology-focused workforce.<ref name=jJudson2018 >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/08/28/can-austin-make-the-army-weird/ (28 Aug 2018) Can Austin make the Army weird?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161641/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/08/28/can-austin-make-the-army-weird/ |date=8 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2018-10-09 |title=Army's 'night court' finds $25 billion to reinvest in modernization priorities |url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/armys-night-court-finds-25-billion-to-reinvest-in-modernization-priorities/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Defense News |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060631/https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/armys-night-court-finds-25-billion-to-reinvest-in-modernization-priorities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Back to the (Army's) Future: A Conversation with Secretary of the Army Mark Esper |url=https://www.aei.org/events/back-to-the-armys-future-a-conversation-with-secretary-of-the-army-mark-esper/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI |language=en-US |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126203925/https://www.aei.org/events/back-to-the-armys-future-a-conversation-with-secretary-of-the-army-mark-esper/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beinart |first=Matthew |date=2019-02-08 |title=Esper: Army Cut $25 Billion From Low-Tier Programs To Fund Modernization Priorities |url=https://www.defensedaily.com/esper-army-cut-25-billion-low-tier-programs-fund-modernization-priorities/army/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Defense Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126203927/https://www.defensedaily.com/esper-army-cut-25-billion-low-tier-programs-fund-modernization-priorities/army/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Army gave the command's chief and the leaders of new groups, dubbed "[[#Cross-functional teams|§ cross-functional teams]]", the authority to manage requirements and the leeway to direct dollars.

At its founding, Futures Command was focused on six priorities:<ref name="aCFT" group="Note">The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use [[subject-matter expert]]s (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using [[#Cross-functional teams|CFTs]] for:

* [https://www.army.mil/article/226920/ccdcs_road_map_to_modernizing_the_army_air_and_missile_defense (10 September 2019)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920134247/https://www.army.mil/article/226920/ccdcs_road_map_to_modernizing_the_army_air_and_missile_defense |date=20 September 2019 }} Same CCDC text but with 3 more images. Fifth in a series.</ref> and soldier lethality.

* Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/08/11/this-3-star-army-general-explains-what-multi-domain-operations-mean-for-you/ (11 August 2019) This 3-star Army general explains what multi-domain operations mean for you] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060500/https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/08/11/this-3-star-army-general-explains-what-multi-domain-operations-mean-for-you/ |date=7 February 2024 }} "think, assess and employ all domains when necessary"—General Wesley</ref><ref name="summaryOfStandoff2018">Yasmin Tadjdeh [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies' Standoff Capabilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224075431/https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities |date=24 December 2019 }} Summary of standoff</ref> by presenting them with multiple simultaneous dilemmas.<ref name="jadc2MultiDilemmas">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-chief-seeks-minimally-manned-vehicles-joint-c2/ (14 January 2020) Army Chief Seeks 'Minimally Manned' Vehicles, Joint C2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115153848/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-chief-seeks-minimally-manned-vehicles-joint-c2/ |date=15 January 2020 }} LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville</ref><ref name="rangeSpeed">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/army-chief-to-navy-air-force-weve-got-speed-range/ (2021) Army Chief To Navy, Air Force: We've Got 'Speed & Range'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426224515/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/army-chief-to-navy-air-force-weve-got-speed-range/ |date=26 April 2021 }} "The future is all about range and speed" —Gen. McConville</ref>{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}} A goal is that by 2028, the ability to project rapid, responsive power across domains will have become apparent to potential adversaries.<ref name="csaPaper1">Chief of Staff paper #1, Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf (16 March 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516213122/https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf |date=16 May 2021 }} Unclassified version by 40th Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. [[James C. McConville]]</ref><ref name="csa2">Chief of Staff paper #2 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602133203/https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf |date=2 June 2021 }}</ref>{{efn|name= lessonsFromRUkr}}

# Combat Development: stabilized concepts.<ref name="holland" /><ref name="RandApB" /> Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of [[United States Army Acquisition Corps|acquisition]].<ref name="6Dec2017">Neil Hollenbeck and Benjamin Jensen [https://warontherocks.com/2017/12/army-needs-futures-command/ (6 December 2017) Why the Army needs a Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214737/https://warontherocks.com/2017/12/army-needs-futures-command/ |date=5 September 2018 }} Enable a culture of experimentation, and develop concepts and technology together.</ref>{{efn| name= 24of35InFy2023}}{{efn|name= waypointsToMDO}} (''See [[#Value stream|Value stream]]'')

# Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.<ref name="MDA" /> Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.<ref name="asaWSH2018">[[ASA(ALT)]] [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf Weapon Systems Handbook 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121934/https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf |date=19 October 2018 }} [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/558424.pdf update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060407/https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/558424.pdf |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref>{{efn|name= asaWsh2018ToC| [[ASA(ALT)]] [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf (2018)] Weapon Systems Handbook [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/558424.pdf update] Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.

*ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.<ref name=MDA/><ref name=BigSix5yrTest1st/><ref name=sharkTank/><ref name=foc31July2019Kimmons>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224660/futures_command_showcases_efforts_ahead_of_upcoming_foc (18 July 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720152006/https://www.army.mil/article/224660/futures_command_showcases_efforts_ahead_of_upcoming_foc |date=20 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name=standoff>Kerensa Crum [https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_dadc42e4-bea4-11e9-94c0-773e72931076.html CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019)  Leader updates Army's modernization priorities ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815093034/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_dadc42e4-bea4-11e9-94c0-773e72931076.html |date=15 August 2019 }} Standoff</ref>}}{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept |1= The Army's  unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Competition|competition]], [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Crisis|crisis]], and [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Conflict|armed conflict]]".<ref name=mdoUnclass >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/ (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060506/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref>}}

=== 2019 ===

From an initial 12 people at its headquarters in 2018, AFC grew to more than 17,000 people<ref name= sizeUpdate >America's Future Series [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aXM4TjrduA (April 2023) GEN Mike Murray - Army Futures Command "What we got right"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031150831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aXM4TjrduA |date=31 October 2023 }}</ref> across 25 states and 15 countries in 2019.<ref>Sean Kimmons {{citation |url=https://www.army.mil/article/224744/in_first_year_futures_command_grows_from_12_to_24000_personnel |publisher=Army News Service |date=July 19, 2019 |title=In first year, Futures Command grows from 12 to 24,000 personnel |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032511/https://www.army.mil/article/224744/in_first_year_futures_command_grows_from_12_to_24000_personnel |url-status=live }}</ref>  research facilities and personnel (including ARCIC and RDECOM) moved from other commands and parts of the Army such as the [[United States Army Research Laboratory]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/futures-command-wont-hurt-oversight-army-tells-congress/ |first=Sydney J. |last=Freedberg Jr |date=13 September 2018 |title=Futures Command Won't Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress |publisher=Breakingdefense.com |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203804/https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/futures-command-wont-hurt-oversight-army-tells-congress/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*Novaa, for single-aperture antennas ( multi-band rather than 1 dedicated antenna per application)

*[[Vita Inclinata]], stabilized anti-spin hoisting for pulling injured people on a stretcher into a hovering helicopter

=== 2021 ===

In 2022, Army leaders projected that 24 of the top-35 priority modernization programs would be deployed by fiscal 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2022-09-06 |title=Futures Command faces identity crisis as Army shifts mission |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Defense News |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060921/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="combArms">US Army Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight (10 Oct  2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow's Fight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011075756/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight |date=11 October 2022 }} Gen. McConville, Gen.(Ret) Perkins, DepUnderSec Diaz, Gen. Rainey, LTG Beagle, Prof. Greer (SAMS)</ref><ref name="ukrExample">Caitlin Kenny [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/10/divisions-corps-replace-brigades-armys-wartime-formation-choice/378234/ (10 Oct 2022)  Divisions, Corps to Replace Brigades As Army's Wartime Formation Of Choice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528160753/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/10/divisions-corps-replace-brigades-armys-wartime-formation-choice/378234/ |date=28 May 2023 }} "Brigades that operated largely independently in Iraq and Afghanistan will fight as part of larger units in future conflicts, officials said".</ref>

<!--UAS, Combined Arms, MDO, CFTs, Large formations, Sustainment over time --><ref name="afcAmcContestdLogist">Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/ (29 Mar 2023) US Army has a 'gigantic problem' with logistics in the Indo-Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060922/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/ |date=7 February 2024 }} AMC is lead, AFC sets requirements</ref>  

== Organization ==

The commanding general is assisted by three deputy commanders.

* '''Combat Development''':<ref name="rdecom,ccdc">Argie Sarantinos-Perrin, CCDC HQ Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/216858/rdecom_transitions_to_army_futures_command (31 January 2019) RDECOM transitions to Army Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201185701/https://www.army.mil/article/216858/rdecom_transitions_to_army_futures_command |date=1 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="10dec2018">Sydney Freedberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/12/us-armys-brain-transplant-futurists-move-to-futures-command/ (10 Dec 2018) US Army's Brain Transplant: Futurists Move To Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211023506/https://breakingdefense.com/2018/12/us-armys-brain-transplant-futurists-move-to-futures-command/ |date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="arcicTransitionOfAuthority,FuturesAndConceptsCenter" /> Helps AFC commander to assess and integrate the future operational environment, emerging threats, and technologies to develop and deliver concepts, requirements, and future force designs.

* U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory [https://www.army.mil/article/227359/army_research_uncovers_law_like_progression_of_weapons_technologies_from_a_crossbowman_to_a_tank (18 September 2019)  Army research uncovers law-like progression of weapons technologies--from a crossbowman to a tank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001124442/https://www.army.mil/article/227359/army_research_uncovers_law_like_progression_of_weapons_technologies_from_a_crossbowman_to_a_tank |date=1 October 2019 }}

* Jerome Aliotta (TARDEC) [https://www.army.mil/article/226774/army_demos_prototype_manned_fighting_vehicle_teamed_with_robotic_combat_vehicle_platoon (6 September 2019) Army demos prototype manned fighting vehicle teamed with robotic combat vehicle platoon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001130000/https://www.army.mil/article/226774/army_demos_prototype_manned_fighting_vehicle_teamed_with_robotic_combat_vehicle_platoon |date=1 October 2019 }}

* '''Acquisition and Systems''' (founded as Combat Systems in 2018):{{efn|name=pmildepAsaAlt|1= The ''Combat Systems Directorate''<ref name=10dec2018/> was to be led by the ASA(ALT)'s Principal Military Deputy <ref name=dottedLine>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/defense-news-conference/2018/09/05/army-acquisition-military-deputy-now-has-two-bosses/ (6 September 2018) Military deputy to US Army acquisition now has two bosses ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061422/https://www.defensenews.com/smr/defense-news-conference/2018/09/05/army-acquisition-military-deputy-now-has-two-bosses/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/477917.pdf |title=Lt. Gen. Paul Ostrowski Bio |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222719/https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/477917.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (Principal Military Deputy (PMILDEP) to the [[ASA(ALT)]]) <ref name=afc,alt,g8/>{{rp|AD2018-15,6b:PMILDEP will additionally be AFC director, Combat Systems}}<ref name=pmildep/> who will produce those developed solutions and seek feedback.<ref name=MDA /><ref name=armyAcquisitionReform >ASA(ALT) [https://www.army.mil/article/227487/army_acquisition_reform (20 September 2019) Army Acquisition Reform] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001193614/https://www.army.mil/article/227487/army_acquisition_reform |date=1 October 2019 }}  

* Stand to: [https://www.army.mil/standto/2019-09-20 Army Acquisition Reform, a summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003090521/https://www.army.mil/standto/2019-09-20 |date=3 October 2019 }}</ref> In 2022, AD2018-15 was rescinded by Army Directive AD2022-07,<ref name="ad220207a">HQDA [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN35370-ARMY_DIR_2022-07-000-WEB-1.pdf (3 May 2022) Army Directive 2022-07 (Army Modernization Roles and Responsibilities)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101435/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN35370-ARMY_DIR_2022-07-000-WEB-1.pdf |date=7 July 2022 }} AD2022-07 is 6 pages</ref> which in turn is subject to rescission 180 days after passage of FY2023 NDAA.<ref name= afcTimer >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/house-lawmakers-ask-army-whos-in-charge-of-massive-modernization-program/ (24 Jun 2022) House lawmakers ask Army: Who's in charge of massive modernization program?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907193758/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/house-lawmakers-ask-army-whos-in-charge-of-massive-modernization-program/ |date=7 September 2022 }} 180 day timer after FY2023 NDAA takes effect, could trigger rescission of AD2022-07.  To find an Army document, enter the pub form identifier, such as "ar 71-9" in the menu: [https://armypubs.army.mil/ProductMaps/PubForm/ActiveInactiveRescSearch.aspx ARMY PUBLISHING INDEX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116220816/https://armypubs.army.mil/ProductMaps/PubForm/ActiveInactiveRescSearch.aspx |date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name= Ad202207Timer >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/11/defense-business-brief-november-10-2022/379640/ (10 Nov 2022) Defense Business Brief: What a split Congress means for defense spending;...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115043550/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/11/defense-business-brief-november-10-2022/379640/ |date=15 November 2022 }} "on the lame-duck Congress' to-do list: Pass the fiscal 2023 defense appropriation by December and the National Defense Authorization Act". Passage of the NDAA starts the 180-day timer on AD 2022-07.</ref>}}{{efn|name=g357}}

[[File:Multi-domain operations,investmentPlan2020.png|upright=1.4|thumb|right|''Multi-domain operations ([[#mdoJadc2|MDO]])'': Friendly forces (denoted in black)<ref name="2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan">US Army [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/about/usarmy_fy19_21_accomplishments_and_investment_plan.pdf (2020) AMERICA'S ARMY: READY NOW,INVESTING IN THE FUTURE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406143601/https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/about/usarmy_fy19_21_accomplishments_and_investment_plan.pdf |date=6 April 2020 }}  FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan</ref> operating in multi-domains (gray, yellow, light blue, dark gray, and dark blue)—Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively—cooperate across domains,{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept}} working as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). These operations will disrupt these adversaries, and present them [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoConceptBy2020|multiple simultaneous dilemmas]],{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}} to encourage adversaries to return to competition rather than continue a conflict.<ref name=mdo101/><ref name=mdoBottomUp>Andrew Smith [https://othjournal.com/2020/04/09/convergence-within-socom-a-bottom-up-approach-to-multi-domain-operations/ (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410220446/https://othjournal.com/2020/04/09/convergence-within-socom-a-bottom-up-approach-to-multi-domain-operations/ |date=10 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name= reskillingNewSkills>Todd South [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/06/17/even-generals-must-learn-new-skills-in-tech-dominated-special-operations-future/ (17 Jun 2021) Even generals must learn new skills in tech-dominated special operations future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617175703/https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/06/17/even-generals-must-learn-new-skills-in-tech-dominated-special-operations-future/ |date=17 June 2021 }}</ref>]]

In 2023, the Army announced that it would create a ninth team, for Contested Logistics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2023-03-29 |title=US Army forms new modernization team to tackle contested logistics |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-forms-new-modernization-team-to-tackle-contested-logistics/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Defense News |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061456/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-forms-new-modernization-team-to-tackle-contested-logistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="afcAmcContestdLogist" /><ref name="aps3LessonsLearned">Ashley Rocque  [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/from-petroleum-pipes-to-pest-problems-what-a-us-army-2-star-learned-from-talisman-sabre-23/ (7 Aug 2023) From petroleum pipes to pest problems, what a US Army 2-star learned from Talisman Sabre 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807175530/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/from-petroleum-pipes-to-pest-problems-what-a-us-army-2-star-learned-from-talisman-sabre-23/ |date=7 August 2023 }}</ref> The 2023 exercises for IndoPacom will test its prepositioned stocks.<ref name="sustTest">Ashley Roque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/army-to-use-pacific-pathways-to-test-assumptions-about-contested-logistics-prepositioned-stocks/ (31 Mar 2023) Army to use Pacific Pathways to test assumptions about ‘contested logistics,’ prepositioned stocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401081841/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/army-to-use-pacific-pathways-to-test-assumptions-about-contested-logistics-prepositioned-stocks/ |date=1 April 2023 }}</ref> The CG of Army Materiel Command is taking the lead for contested logistics.<ref name="cgAmcLeadsCft">Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2023/03/31/army-materiel-command-boss-says-logistics-are-key-to-future-warfare/ (31 Mar 2023) Army Materiel Command boss says logistics are key to future warfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061501/https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2023/03/31/army-materiel-command-boss-says-logistics-are-key-to-future-warfare/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref><!-- <ref name= > [ ( ] </ref> <→·→—°→—°←<\·<|>/>-->

Each CFT must strike a balance amid constraints—the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment—to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.<ref name="AD2017,24">US Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183847/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf |date=27 July 2021 }}</ref>

# satellites perform Battle damage assessment, to update the list of threats and targets.</ref><ref name="intelDataFeedToKillChain">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/can-army-intel-data-feed-the-kill-chain/ (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain? ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816060013/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/can-army-intel-data-feed-the-kill-chain/ |date=16 August 2020 }} Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"</ref>  Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a [[continuum of conflict]]. —This illustration is from ''The MDO Concept'', TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1.{{efn |name= mdoExplainer |1= Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a [[continuum of conflict]].{{efn|name=hyten2020|1= Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-domain-operations/ (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations] (ADO)

*"A computer-coordinated fight":  in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)

*"it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

}} {{efn|name= leoLRPFKillChain|1= Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.  [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/  (November 22, 2019)  SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI ] Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)].

{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]

=== Partners ===

[[File:Project Convergence- A Campaign of Learning VbReHneabGw.webm|thumb|Project Convergence is a campaign of learning to aggressively pursue an Artificial Intelligence and machine learning-enabled battlefield management system.{{efn|name=hyten2020}}]]

Multiple incubator tech hubs are available in Austin,<ref name="hubNames">{{citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/14/understanding-the-armys-reasons-for-putting-its-new-high-tech-futures-command-in-texas/ |first=Dan |last=Lamothe |date=14 July 2018 |title=Why the Army decided to put its new high-tech Futures Command in Texas |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/14/understanding-the-armys-reasons-for-putting-its-new-high-tech-futures-command-in-texas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> especially Capital Factory, with offices of [[Defense Innovation Unit]] (DIU) and [[AFWERX]] (USAF tech hub).<ref name="JMC,AFC5sep2018">{{citation |last=Lea |first=Maj. Brett |title=Army establishes Futures Command; U.S. Army JMC at Fort Bliss is operational arm |date=5 September 2018 |work=Fort Bliss Bugle}}</ref>

* [[White Sands Missile Range]] NM,<ref name="wsmr" /> also houses ARL,<ref name="arl,Locations">{{Cite web |title=Locations and Facilities – DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory |url=https://www.arl.army.mil/who-we-are/locations/ |access-date=2021-12-25 |website=www.arl.army.mil |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225234905/https://www.arl.army.mil/who-we-are/locations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> TRAC,<ref name="TRAC" /> and [[United States Army Test and Evaluation Command|Army Test and Evaluation Command]].<ref name="fy2019ArmyTestimony">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I |title=DoD (16 May 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request |website=[[YouTube]] |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606001638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|minute 1:19:00}}  

* FT LVN Operations research: Mission Command Battle Lab,<ref name="mcbl" /><ref name="ftLeavenworthMCbl" /><ref name="armyTransToMdo">Maj. Chris Parker, Dr. Paul Reese, Director, Fielded Force Integration Division, COL E.J. Karlberg, Director, Combined Arms Integration Directorate, and Mr. Rich Creed, Director, Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, ''Breaking Doctrine'' podcast at Fort Leavenworth [https://podcast.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/cadd/Episode%2014/BREAKING%20DOCTRINE%20-%20Transitioning%20the%20Army%20to%20MDO.mp3 (2020) Breaking Doctrine: Episode 14 - Transitioning the Army to MDO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112134202/https://podcast.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/cadd/Episode%2014/BREAKING%20DOCTRINE%20-%20Transitioning%20the%20Army%20to%20MDO.mp3 |date=12 November 2022 }} 1:02:44 How a Concept becomes Doctrine at TRADOC Combined Arms Center, [[Fort Leavenworth]] [[DOTMLPF]]-P</ref><ref name="adp60missionCommand">[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18314_ADP%206-0%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165758/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18314_ADP%206-0%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf |date=12 August 2021 }} 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0</ref><ref name="mdo400people">Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061429/https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/ |date=7 February 2024 }} "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"</ref>  Capability development integration directorate (CDID),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid |title=Mission Command Center Of Excellence (MC-CoE CDID) |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208184338/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid |url-status=live }}</ref> The Research Analysis Center (TRAC), formerly TRADOC Analysis Center,<ref name="TRAC" /><ref name="MS,TRAC" /> [[Fort Leavenworth]] KS

* CCOE Cyber CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cybercoe.army.mil/index.php/direct-reporting-units/cdid |title=Cyber CoE - (its CDID) |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809223923/https://cybercoe.army.mil/index.php/direct-reporting-units/cdid |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fort Eisenhower]] GA

* MCOE Maneuver CoE  - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maneuver CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab) |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175710/http://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/ |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> [[Fort Moore]] GA

* AVNCOE [[United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence|Aviation CoE]]  - (its CDID),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation CoE - (its CDID) |url=http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/directorates/cdid/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015100751/http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/directorates/cdid/index.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="ftRuckerCG">{{Cite web |title=Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability |url=https://www.army.mil/article/225269/aviation_industry_days_army_aviation_aims_for_more_lethal_multi_domain_operations_capability |access-date=2021-12-25 |website=www.army.mil |date=August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806194345/https://www.army.mil/article/225269/aviation_industry_days_army_aviation_aims_for_more_lethal_multi_domain_operations_capability |url-status=live }}</ref> at [[Fort Novosel]]

* FCOE Fires CoE  - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<ref name="firesCdid">Matthew Murch, Futures and Concepts Center [https://www.army.mil/article/263570/fires_cdid_supporting_war_winning_future_readiness (30 Jan 2023) Fires CDID: Supporting war-winning future readiness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202132852/https://www.army.mil/article/263570/fires_cdid_supporting_war_winning_future_readiness |date=2 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fires CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab) |url=http://sill-www.army.mil/cdid/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824153227/http://sill-www.army.mil/cdid/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="gwon"><!--[https://sill-www.army.mil/firesbulletin/archives/2018/sep-oct/articles/18-5_Sept-Oct_04_Gwon.pdf]--> Col. Yi Se Gwon, Fort Sill ''Fires Bulletin'' (September–October 2018) The Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center</ref><ref name="tmoVideo">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4PHht7nSsk Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center (16 July 2019) Target Mensuration Only] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4PHht7nSsk&gl=US&hl=en |date=25 April 2023 }} TMO</ref><ref name="tmoSill" /> Doctrine updates to support strategic fires<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/238566/lawton_fort_sill_welcomes_fires_five_families Mitch Meador, Fort Sill Tribune (August 27, 2020) Lawton Fort Sill welcomes 'Fires Five,' families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174121/https://www.army.mil/article/238566/lawton_fort_sill_welcomes_fires_five_families |date=29 October 2020 }}

* DOTMLPF-P formulated at Fort Sill—[https://www.army.mil/article/238124/ceremony_recognizes_new_air_defense_artillery_capability_manager Mitch Meador, Fort Sill Tribune (August 13, 2020) Ceremony recognizes new Air Defense Artillery capability manager] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104608/https://www.army.mil/article/238124/ceremony_recognizes_new_air_defense_artillery_capability_manager |date=29 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="acmSill">{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/238797/air_defense_army_capability_manager_gets_new_director |title=Karen Flowers, Fort Sill Tribune (4 September 2020) Air defense Army Capability Manager gets new director |date=4 September 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916012427/https://www.army.mil/article/238797/air_defense_army_capability_manager_gets_new_director |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fort Sill]] OK

* ICOE Intelligence CoE  - (its CDID),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/190910/usaicoe_fort_huachuca_command_changes_hands |title=Intelligence CoE - no information on its CDID |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175651/https://www.army.mil/article/190910/usaicoe_fort_huachuca_command_changes_hands |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fort Huachuca]] AZ

* MSCOE Maneuver Support CoE  - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maneuver Support CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab) |url=http://www.wood.army.mil/newweb/documents/cdid2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209171036/https://www.wood.army.mil/newweb/documents/cdid2012.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2017 |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> [[Fort Leonard Wood]] MO

* SCOE Sustainment CoE  - (its CDID),<ref>[http://www.cascom.army.mil/s_staff/cpg/ Sustainment CoE CDID not found]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Fort Gregg-Adams (Virginia)|Fort Gregg-Adams]] VA

* APG<ref name="APG">[https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf APG Guide (12 January 2019) Aberdeen Proving Ground 2019 Your road map to the 'Home of Innovation'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607164316/https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf |date=7 June 2019 }} with more than 90 tenant organizations</ref><ref name="apgOstrowski2018">PEO Command Control Communications - Tactical (PEO C3T) [http://apgnews.com/inside-the-innovation/asaalt-mildep-talks-apgs-role-in-futures-command/ (12 September 2018) ASA(ALT) MilDep talks APG's role in Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082026/http://apgnews.com/inside-the-innovation/asaalt-mildep-talks-apgs-role-in-futures-command/ |date=18 February 2019 }} Paul Ostrowski is PMILDEP to ASA(ALT)</ref> [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], Aberdeen MD, also houses '''Combat Capabilities Development Command''' (CCDC, now called DEVCOM),<ref name="rdecom,ccdc" /> formerly RDECOM, Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity ([[AMSAA]]), and C5ISR center<ref name="apgPeoEW">{{citation |last=Suits |first=Devon L. |title=Army showcases new electronic warfare tech |date=22 August 2019 |url=https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech |publisher=Army News Service |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826001207/https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pnt,iews,peo">Caitlin O'Neill, PM PNT staff writer [https://www.army.mil/article/197066/armys_pnt_programs_transition_to_peo_iews (17 November 2017) Army's PNT programs transition to PEO IEW&S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224063245/https://www.army.mil/article/197066/armys_pnt_programs_transition_to_peo_iews |date=24 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="mgGeorgeC5isr">Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/230030/c5isr_center_hosts_ccdc_commander_for_town_hall_lab_tours (19 November 2019) C5ISR Center hosts CCDC commander for town hall, lab tours] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004440/https://www.army.mil/article/230030/c5isr_center_hosts_ccdc_commander_for_town_hall_lab_tours |date=23 November 2019 }}  "a renewed emphasis on collaboration across CCDC's eight research centers"</ref> (the Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center was formerly [[CERDEC]])

* Army Applications Lab [https://sam.gov/opp/27f846929fe94d0a92cd09909bdf2479/view (19 Oct 2021) Broad Agency Announcement Special Notice W911NF-19-S-0004 Network Aided Position Navigation and Timing solutions for dismounted Soldiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005154728/https://sam.gov/opp/27f846929fe94d0a92cd09909bdf2479/view |date=5 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="atomicAvoc">Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/sandias-atomic-avocado-could-allow-gps-free-pnt/ (1 Nov 2021) Sandia's Atomic 'Avocado' Could Allow GPS-Free PNT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005155232/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/sandias-atomic-avocado-could-allow-gps-free-pnt/ |date=5 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="pntGps">Tobias Naegele [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/qa-the-new-chief-of-space-operations-on-empowering-the-force/ (27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129055439/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/qa-the-new-chief-of-space-operations-on-empowering-the-force/ |date=29 November 2022 }} "one B-2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS".—Gen. B.Chance Saltzman, Space Force</ref>

* [[United States Army CCDC Armaments Center|CCDC Armaments Center]] (formerly Armament research, development and engineering center—ARDEC), [[Picatinny Arsenal]], PEO AMMO

* [[United States Army CCDC Ground Vehicle Systems Center|CCDC Ground Vehicle Systems Center]]  (formerly Tank Automotive research, development and engineering center—TARDEC), [[Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)]]

* [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Center|Army Aviation and Missile Center]] (formerly Aviation and Missile research, development and engineering center—AMRDEC), [[Redstone Arsenal]], Huntsville AL<ref name="redstoneArsenal">RCCTO is located in Huntsville (26 August 2019): [https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/about/ RCCTO- About us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424102449/https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/about/ |date=24 April 2019 }}  

* {{citation |last=Tolson |first=Amy |title=CCDC commanding general pays first visit to Aviation, Missile Center |date=10 December 2019 |url=https://www.army.mil/article/230789/ccdc_commanding_general_pays_first_visit_to_aviation_missile_center |publisher=Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135706/https://www.army.mil/article/230789/ccdc_commanding_general_pays_first_visit_to_aviation_missile_center |url-status=live }}

* Lee Roop [https://www.al.com/news/2019/09/lockheed-martin-opens-plant-to-test-hypersonics-in-alabama.html (17 Sep 2019) Lockheed Martin opens plant to test hypersonics in Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920222012/https://www.al.com/news/2019/09/lockheed-martin-opens-plant-to-test-hypersonics-in-alabama.html |date=20 September 2019 }}</ref>

* [[Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center|CCDC Soldier Center]]<ref name="soldierInSquadPeo">Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/226075/soldiers_at_the_heart_of_modernizing_warfighter_gear (23 August 2019) Soldiers 'at the heart of' modernizing warfighter gear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826201125/https://www.army.mil/article/226075/soldiers_at_the_heart_of_modernizing_warfighter_gear |date=26 August 2019 }}</ref> (formerly Natick Soldier research, development and engineering center—NSRDEC), [[Harold J. Greene|General Greene]] Ave, Natick, MA

* [[United States Army Research Laboratory|Army Research Laboratory (ARL)]],<ref name="arnold">Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/217754/army_funded_researcher_wins_nobel_prize (25 February 2019) Army-funded researcher wins Nobel Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043212/https://www.army.mil/article/217754/army_funded_researcher_wins_nobel_prize |date=6 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="coldSpray">Argie Sarantinos-Perrin, CCDC [https://www.army.mil/article/225994/army_begins_transitioning_cold_spray_technology_for_bradley_turret_gun_mount_repairs (21 August 2019) Army develops cold spray technology to repair Bradley gun mounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829031255/https://www.army.mil/article/225994/army_begins_transitioning_cold_spray_technology_for_bradley_turret_gun_mount_repairs |date=29 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="top10ARL">Army Research Laboratory (ARL) {{Cite web |title=Army releases top 10 list of coolest science, technology advances |url=https://www.army.mil/article/231039/army_releases_top_10_list_of_coolest_science_technology_advances |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.army.mil |date=23 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162040/https://www.army.mil/article/231039/army_releases_top_10_list_of_coolest_science_technology_advances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="neuroscienceBigData" /> Adelphi MD  

[[File:RoboticCombatVehicle-light.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Robotic combat vehicle (RCV)]][[File:ProjectOriginRcv.webp|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Project Origin unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), at Joint Multinational Readiness Center, Hohenfels, Germany<ref name= rasCapability >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/08/armys-robotic-vehicle-slipped-behind-enemy-lines-in-european-exercise/ (24 Aug 2022) Army's robotic vehicle slipped behind 'enemy' lines in European exercise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825135657/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/08/armys-robotic-vehicle-slipped-behind-enemy-lines-in-european-exercise/ |date=25 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name="projOrigin">Spc. Garrison Waites [https://www.army.mil/article/257470/soldiers_get_hands_on_experience_with_new_tech_during_combined_resolve (12 Jun 2022) Soldiers get hands-on experience with new tech during Combined Resolve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614030028/https://www.army.mil/article/257470/soldiers_get_hands_on_experience_with_new_tech_during_combined_resolve |date=14 June 2022 }} Using RCVs with Javelins and CROWS</ref><ref name="willert">Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/lightning-in-a-bottle-inside-the-origin-of-the-armys-future-robotic-fleet/ (21 Oct 2022) 'Lightning in a bottle': Inside the 'Origin' of the Army's future robotic fleet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026115733/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/lightning-in-a-bottle-inside-the-origin-of-the-armys-future-robotic-fleet/ |date=26 October 2022 }}</ref>]] By October 2021, experiments with a company-sized tele-operated / unmanned formation were underway at [[Camp Grayling]], Michigan.<ref name="pc21RcvsDrones">Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/robotic-vehicles-drones-coordinate-recon-at-armys-project-convergence-21/ (22 Nov 2021) Robotic vehicles, drones coordinate recon at Army's Project Convergence 21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927235837/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/robotic-vehicles-drones-coordinate-recon-at-armys-project-convergence-21/ |date=27 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="willert" /><ref name="watson6may">Ben Watson  [https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/05/defense-one-radio-ep-99-role-drones-russias-ukraine-invasion/366577/ (6 May 2022) Defense One Radio, Ep. 99: The role of drones in Russia's Ukraine invasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212735/https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/05/defense-one-radio-ep-99-role-drones-russias-ukraine-invasion/366577/ |date=9 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="gvscRcv">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/ (19 Mar 2021) Army Outlines Ambitious Schedule For Robots, Armor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319185037/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/ |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>  The 18 light and medium [[Next Generation Combat Vehicle|robotic combat vehicle]]s (RCV), in concert with surrogate heavy RCVs (modified [[M113 armored personnel carrier]]s), proxy manned control vehicles (MET-Ds), and drones for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ([[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance#ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)|ISR]]),  were to complete ATEC (Army Test and Evaluation Command) safety testing in May 2022<ref name=gvscRcv/> and live-fire drills in August 2022.<ref name=gvscRcv/><ref name="RCVsBy2023">Army.mil {{Cite web |title=Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights |url=https://www.army.mil/article/223657/robotic_combat_vehicles_could_change_way_army_looks_fights |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.army.mil |date=26 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626185817/https://www.army.mil/article/223657/robotic_combat_vehicles_could_change_way_army_looks_fights |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, Army Futures Command disclosed concepts for robotic combat platoons,<ref name= rcvPlatoons >Max Boot [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/05/28/army-futures-command-war-innovation (28 May 2023) Opinion:  An Army command like no other seeks to master the future of war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831205319/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/05/28/army-futures-command-war-innovation/ |date=31 August 2023 }}</ref> akin to the [[collaborative combat aircraft]] (CCA) of the Air Force.<ref name=rcvOct2023 >AUSA 2023 Warriors Corner: BG Stephanie Ahern, moderator [https://www.bitchute.com/video/6XmSOC1qKbiS/ (9 Oct 2023) Human Machine Integrated Formations panel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207062059/https://www.bitchute.com/video/6XmSOC1qKbiS/ |date=7 February 2024 }} First fielding 2028</ref>

The development process will consist of one or more cycles (prototype, demonstration/testing, and evaluation,<ref name="sharkTank">Gary Sheftick, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/219667/army_shark_tank_enabling_quick_prototyping_of_new_systems (3 April 2019) Army 'Shark Tank' enabling quick prototyping of new systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155826/https://www.army.mil/article/219667/army_shark_tank_enabling_quick_prototyping_of_new_systems |date=4 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="antiJamGPS" />) meant to find and discard unrealistic requirements before a project becomes a program.<ref name="noUniforms" /><ref name="afcClarification" /> "Our new approach is really to prototype as much as we can to help us identify requirements, so our reach doesn't exceed our grasp. ... A good example is [[Future Vertical Lift]]: The prototyping has been exceptional," Esper said in 2019.<ref name="fvl20190124">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/bell-v-280-flies-322-mph-army-secretary-praises-program/ (24 January 2019) Bell V-280 Flies 322 MPH: Army Secretary Praises Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183334/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/bell-v-280-flies-322-mph-army-secretary-praises-program/ |date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>{{efn|name= waypointsToMDO}}

ASA(ALT), in coordination with AFC, has dotted-line relationships between its PEOs and the CFTs. In particular, the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office of ASA(ALT) has a PEO to develop experimental prototype "units of action" for rapid fielding. In June 2019, the prototypes were for long-range hypersonic weapons, high-energy laser defense, and space,<ref name=rcctoOpenHouse>Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office [https://www.army.mil/article/223154/partnering_for_speed_army_rapid_prototyping_office_hosts_industry_open_house (14 June 2019) Partnering for speed: Army rapid prototyping office hosts industry open house] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727042039/https://www.army.mil/article/223154/partnering_for_speed_army_rapid_prototyping_office_hosts_industry_open_house |date=27 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="thurgood2019">Clark, Colin [https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/army-moves-out-on-lasers-hypersonics-lt-gen-thurgood/ (2019-05-24) Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061932/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/army-moves-out-on-lasers-hypersonics-lt-gen-thurgood/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref><ref name="rccto">Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/03/13/army-rapid-capabilities-office-is-getting-a-new-name-and-mission/ (13 March 2019) Army Rapid Capabilities Office is getting a new name and mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061958/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/03/13/army-rapid-capabilities-office-is-getting-a-new-name-and-mission/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref> The Army tripled its spending on speed and range capabilities from 2017 to 2019.<ref name=ahwJointHypersonic/><ref name=mdo,1000miTargeting/><ref name="strategicFiresBN">{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2019-06-05 |title=Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons |url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=C4ISRNet |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607102809/https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=2023hypersonicTest/><ref>Sydney J Freedberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-tripled-prototyping-to-4-8b-in-just-3-years-gao/ (2 Oct 2020) Army Tripled OTA Prototyping To $4.8B In Just 3 Years: GAO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005004607/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-tripled-prototyping-to-4-8b-in-just-3-years-gao/ |date=5 October 2020 }}</ref>

Esper scrubbed through 800<ref name=cutsLikely>Hannah Wiley [https://www.upi.com/Program-cuts-likely-under-Army-secretarys-new-Futures-Command/6821522958394/ (6 April 2018) Program cuts likely under Army secretary's new Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183055/https://www.upi.com/Program-cuts-likely-under-Army-secretarys-new-Futures-Command/6821522958394/ |date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> modernization programs to reprioritize funding<ref name=reprioritize2018funding>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/07/17/army-asks-congress-to-shift-millions-in-fy18-dollars-to-pay-for-big-modernization-efforts/ (17 July 2018) US Army asks Congress to shift millions in FY18 dollars. What's behind the request?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207061939/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/07/17/army-asks-congress-to-shift-millions-in-fy18-dollars-to-pay-for-big-modernization-efforts/ |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref> for the top six modernization priorities,<ref name=esper29aug2018/> which will consume 80% of the modernization funding,<ref name=modernizationFunding >David Vergun [https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander (5 September 2018) Richardson confirmed as Futures Command deputy commander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031064248/https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander |date=31 October 2019 }}</ref>  of 18 systems.<ref name=modernizationFunding/> His "night court" budget review process shifted $2.4 billion for modernization from programs that were not tied to modernization or to the 2018 National Defense Strategy.<ref name="fy2021budgetRequest">FY2021 budget request: [https://www.army.mil/article/232642/army_budget_request_eyes_2b_boost_for_modernization Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (13 February 2020) Army budget request eyes $2B boost for modernization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213195647/https://www.army.mil/article/232642/army_budget_request_eyes_2b_boost_for_modernization |date=13 February 2020 }}

* $10.6 billion for modernization in 2021 request, up from $8.5 billion in 2020

Budgets will likely restrict the fielding of new materiel to one Armor BCT per year;<ref name="risk,mdo,afc" /> at that rate, updates would take decades.<ref name="risk,mdo,afc" /><ref name="budgetShare">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-to-navy-hey-we-already-get-less-than-you/ (15 January 2020) Army To Navy: Hey, We Already Get Less $$ Than You] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116093552/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-to-navy-hey-we-already-get-less-than-you/ |date=16 January 2020 }} Army: 26.6%; Navy: 28.7%; Air Force: 28.5%; Other: 16.3%</ref>

The plan is to have an MDO-capable Army by 2028{{efn|name= lessonsFromRUkr|1= As informed by lessons learned in light of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]}} and an MDO-ready Army by 2035.<ref name="DOTMLPF,2028,2035" /><ref name="40yearPerspective">{{Cite web |title=Readiness for the 21st Century: An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan |url=https://www.army.mil/article/210106/readiness_for_the_21st_century_an_interview_with_retired_gen_david_mckiernan |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=www.army.mil |date=23 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061725/https://www.army.mil/article/210106/readiness_for_the_21st_century_an_interview_with_retired_gen_david_mckiernan |url-status=live }}</ref>

Congress has given the Army Other Transaction Authority (OTA),<ref>Acqnote [http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/careerfields/other-transaction-authority-ota AcqNotes (17 Jan 2017) Other Transaction Authority (OTA) Guide – 17 Jan 2017 ]</ref><ref name="aal,baa" group="Note" /> which allows the PEOs to enter into Full Rate Production quicker by permitting the services to control their own programs of record, rather than DoD.<ref name="pmildep" /> This strips out one layer of bureaucracy.<ref name="pmildep" /><ref name="acqReformer">Paul McCleary [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/12/amidst-turmoil-pentagon-persists-on-acquisition-reform-ellen-lord/ (31 December 2018) Amidst Turmoil, Pentagon Persists On Acquisition Reform: Ellen Lord]</ref><ref name="dyneticsChgbLockheedLrhw">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/ (30 August 2019)  Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit] prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)

*Vehicle Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY)</ref><ref name="offroadRCVnavigation">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/can-the-armys-robotics-programs-build-ai-the-silicon-valley-way/ (14 Nov 2022) Can the Army's robotics programs build AI the Silicon Valley way?] RCV navigation: "DIU has brokered a potentially groundbreaking contract between the Army's Robotic Combat Vehicle program and a small California firm that trains AI algorithms to navigate off-road".</ref><ref name="rcvL">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/qinetiq-delivers-armed-scout-robot-to-army-rcv-l/ (13 Nov 2020) QinetiQ Delivers Armed Scout Robot To Army: RCV-L] uses [[UGV Interoperability Profile]]</ref><ref name="plainLang">Katherine Spivey and Wendy Wagner-Smith  [https://digital.gov/event/2021/05/19/positioning-yourself-as-a-plain-language-editor/ (19 May 2021)  Positioning Yourself as a Plain Language Editor]</ref>

<!-- Enterprise planning ref name= bridgingToArmy2028 / -->

A goal of AFC is [[overmatch]] of the capability of a competitor or adversary, particularly the imposition of multiple simultaneous dilemmas upon a competitor or adversary.<ref name="mdb" /> By 2021, Army leaders recognized that the [[Transformation of the United States Army#Multi-domain operations (MDO)|multi-domain operations]] task force<ref name="if11797">Andrew Feickert, Specialist in Military Ground Forces, Congressional Research Service (CRS) [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11797 (31 May 2022) The Army's Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF)] report IF11797</ref> could do so.<ref name="ausa2021">[[Christine Wormuth]] [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/817199/ausa-2021-opening-ceremony (10.11.2021) AUSA 2021]</ref>{{rp|min 30:45}}{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}}

[[File:XM1113 in flight.jpg|thumb|XM1113 extended range artillery round, shown here at a range demonstration, uses a rocket-assist motor]]

*Long-range precision fires developments include:{{efn| name= ccdcAvMcGoals |1= Munitions such as PrSM will need to fire and then move, at targets on the move.<ref name= shootAndMove >Todd South [https://www.defensenews.com/news/2022/09/20/army-missile-teams-will-add-robots-and-multi-payload-rockets/ (20 Sep 2022) Army missile teams will add robots and multi-payload rockets] —Hunter Blackwell, CCDC Aviation and Missile Center (AvMC)</ref><ref name=AvMcAml >US Army AvMC [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2021/06/16/autonomous-missile-launcher-destroys-enemy-threats/ (16 Jun 2021) Video: Autonomous missile launcher destroys enemy threats] [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Center|AvMC]] concept video —autonomous multi-domain launcher (AML): Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/06/16/us-army-fires-autonomous-launcher-in-pacific-focused-demo/ (16 Jun 2021) US Army fires autonomous launcher in Pacific-focused demo] AML demo at [[Fort Sill]] utilized a HIMARS launcher and the AML</ref>}}<ref name="ArmyStrategicFires">Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/tag/army-strategic-fires/ A series on: Army Strategic Fires]</ref><ref name="infArsenal">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr.  [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/ (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles?] INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019</ref>  

*Defense Updates [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3LCQ0yY86c (4 Feb 2019) U.S ARMY'S SUPER GUN - STRATEGIC LONG RANGE CANNON (SLRC)] Smaller GPS-enabled shells.</ref> An early ballistic test took place at [[Naval Support Facility Dahlgren]], as announced at AUSA in October 2019.<ref name="Slrc20191014" /><ref name="slrc2023">{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2019-10-15 |title=Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle |url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> SLRC was cancelled in March 2022.<ref name=xSlrc >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/05/23/us-army-terminates-strategic-long-range-cannon-science-and-technology-effort/ (23 Mar 2022) US Army terminates science and technology effort for strategic long-range cannon]</ref>  

*[https://www.army.mil/article/226393/bulldog_brigade_trains_target_acquisition_with_precision Maj. Anthony Clas (28 August 2019) Bulldog Brigade Trains Target Acquisition with Precision]</ref><ref name="MDO,Icorps" /><ref name="Northrop289" /> "streamlining the sensor-shooter link at every echelon"—BG<ref name="FtSillBG">Monica K. Guthrie, LRPF communications director [https://www.army.mil/article/228330/army_futures_command_gains_new_general (9 October 2019) Army Futures Command gains new general]</ref> John Rafferty,<ref name="mdo,1000miTargeting" /> in Integrated fire.<ref name="integratedFire">Daniel Cebul [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army-looks-to-a-future-of-integrated-fire/ (8 Oct 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire]</ref><ref name="titanLrpf">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228867/titan_system_being_developed_to_tie_deep_sensing_to_long_range_fires (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires] For use in I2CEWS battalion of a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#mdoMDTF|Multi-domain task force]]</ref><ref name="tacticalSpaceLayer">Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/u-s-army-approves-plans-for-a-future-tactical-space-layer/ (19 April 2021)  U.S. Army approves plans for a future 'tactical space layer'] "tactical space layer will be integrated with an existing ground station called Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN)"</ref>

*{{anchor|mobile,ExpeditionaryNetwork}}Mobile & Expeditionary Network<ref name="fccAustin">[[Scott McKean]] [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/07/19/b7aad354/20210714-afc-pam-71-20-9-concept-for-c2-pursuing-decision-dominance-approved.pdf (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Army Futures Command Concept for Command and Control - Pursuing decision dominance] AFCC-C2 is the future communications network. 14 Jul 2021 see: [https://www.army.mil/futuresandconceptscenter#org-resources FUTURES AND CONCEPTS CENTER resources]</ref> / [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Multi-domain operations (MDO)|MDO]] Multi-domain operations<ref name="tp525,3,1" /><ref name="risk,mdo,afc">Todd South, Military Times [https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4 (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future]</ref>

*#Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing

*#Tactical Space: [[Space Development Agency#Projects and research|SDA]] is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:

*#NavWar

</ref><ref name="noGps">ARL Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/212459/researchers_develop_technique_to_locate_robots_soldiers_in_gps_challenged_environments (16 October 2018) Researchers develop technique to locate robots, Soldiers in GPS-challenged environments]</ref><ref>Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222936/army_leaders_space_tech_crucial_to_future_combat (10 June 2019) Army leaders: Space tech crucial to future combat]</ref>  

*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.</ref><ref name="leoGps" />

*U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/235923/new_5g_switch_provides_50_times_more_energy_efficiency_than_currently_exists (May 26, 2020) New 5G switch provides 50 times more energy efficiency than currently exists]</ref>

*David J. Pine is investigator for ARO, using colloids of microscopic spheres which can assemble bottom-up into promising structures.

*Mingxin He, Johnathon P. Gales, Étienne Ducrot, Zhe Gong, Gi-Ra Yi, Stefano Sacanna, & David J. Pine [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2718-6 (23 Sep 2020) Colloidal diamond]</ref>

*{{anchor|airMissileDefense}}Air, Missile Defense:<ref name="infArsenal" /><ref name="MDO,Icorps" /><ref name="Northrop289" /><ref name="iamdIfpcIbcs">Sydney J Freedberg Jr.{{citation |title=Iron Dome Doesn't Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical |date=5 March 2020 |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/iron-dome-doesnt-work-for-army-gen-murray/ |publisher=breakingdefense.com}}</ref><ref name="amdModernizationFramework">Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2019/03/27/army-debuts-new-missile-defense-strategy-to-address-emerging-threats/ (27 March 2019) Army debuts missile defense framework in move to counter drones, hypersonic threats]</ref><ref name="mdr2019">Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/missile-defense-review-a-multi-billion-iou-to-white-house/ (17 January 2019) Missile Defense Review a Multi-Billion IOU to White House]</ref><ref name="amcomCG">Miles Brown [https://www.army.mil/article/224156/aviation_missile_commander_addresses_workforce (5 July 2019) Aviation, missile commander addresses workforce] CG Todd Royar's statement of his expectations

*Lisa Simanuci, Aviation and Missile Command Public Affairs  [https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_682c55d0-112a-11ea-a47b-535bba3fed28.html (27 Nov 2019) Field grade officers hear general's perspective] —Maj. Gen. Todd Royar's talk at the Command and General Staff School</ref> An [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System|Integrated Air and Missile Battle Command System]] (IBCS)<ref name="AIAMD,2018">PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE MISSILES AND SPACE [https://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/IAMD/AIAMD%20Web%20Brief.pdf (2018) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Program Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223142338/https://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/IAMD/AIAMD%20Web%20Brief.pdf |date=23 December 2016 }}</ref> award, including next software build.<ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/army-gives-northrop-289m-for-ibcs-missile-defense-network/ (1 October 2018) Army Awards Northrop $289M For IBCS Missile Defense Network] <!--Chief of Staff Mark Milley declared air and missile defense the Army's No. 5 priority—one of the Big Six which the service is pushing to accelerate, if necessary at the expense of everything else in their budget.--></ref><ref name="MDO,Icorps">{{cite web

|url=http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf|title=Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense|first=Joe|last=Lacdan|date=19 June 2019|publisher=Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2019|access-date=30 September 2023|url-status=usurped|quote=(Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.)}}</ref><ref name="Northrop289">Jason Cutshaw [https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations]

*Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/hack-jam-sense-shoot-army-creates-1st-multi-domain-unit/ (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit] an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps</ref> of $238 million also funds initial prototypes of the command and control system for fielding in fiscal 2022.<ref name="amdFy20">Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019)  [https://www.army.mil/article/218504/fy20_budget_to_boost_air_missile_defense FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense]</ref>

*Soldier lethality

*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-019-0618-4 ''Nature Nanotechnology'' (27 January 2020) Real-time mass spectrometric characterization of the solid–electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery]</ref>

*9 Soldiers of an infantry squad will maneuver in an ISV

*Plans to purchase 649 prototypes were approved in February 2019

*Kyle Mizokami [https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a34509879/us-army-new-infantry-squad-vehicle/ (29 Oct 2020) Here It Is: the Army's New Infantry Squad Vehicle]

*Janes [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iywCrCRWlw (21 Oct 2019) AUSA 2019: GM Defense's Infantry Squad Vehicle (ISV) for U.S. Army ] Youtube clip, 9:27. No armor, has Roll bars.</ref><ref name="isvGreenFlag">Ashley Roque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/us-army-waves-green-flag-for-infantry-squad-vehicle-full-rate-production/ (5 Apr 2023) US Army waves green flag for Infantry Squad Vehicle full-rate production]</ref>

*PM ITE [https://www.peostri.army.mil/onesaf (October 2019) ONE SEMI-AUTOMATED FORCES (OneSAF)]

*Roger Smith [http://www.simulationfirst.com/papers/RSmith_OneSAF_KIDA.pdf (2008) OneSAF: Next Generation Wargame Model] pdf</ref>

*A Force design to meet the [[materiel]] gaps is underway.   

*An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.

*A budget request is submitted to Congress.

*Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the [[combatant command]]ers.}}

* [[Manhattan Project]]

* [[Space Warfighting Analysis Center]]

==Notes==