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{{Organization
|OrganizationName=National Eye Institute
|OrganizationType=Research and Development Agencies (Sub-organization)
|Mission=NEI conducts and supports research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs aimed at preventing and treating vision disorders and disabilities, understanding the visual system, and enhancing visual function.
|ParentOrganization=National Institutes of Health
|TopOrganization=Department of Health and Human Services
|CreationLegislation=National Eye Institute Act of 1968
|Employees=300
|Budget=$800 million (Fiscal Year 2023)
|OrganizationExecutive=Director
|Services=Research Funding; Clinical Trials; Vision Research; Public Education; Training Programs
|HeadquartersLocation=39.00079, -77.10204
|HeadquartersAddress=9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 (NIH Campus)
|Website=https://www.nei.nih.gov
}}
{{Short description|US research institute, part of NIH}}
{{Short description|US research institute, part of NIH}}


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=== National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, 1950 to 1968 ===
=== National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, 1950 to 1968 ===
Before 1968, vision research at NIH was funded and overseen by the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Publications - Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum |url=https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Publications?preview=/1016824/8883696/History+of+the+National+Eye+Institute.pdf |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=history.nih.gov}}</ref> (now known as the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]), which was established in 1950, after President [[Harry S. Truman]] signed the Omnibus Medical Research Act.<ref name=":1" /> This bill marked the beginning of vision research at the federal level.
Before 1968, vision research at NIH was funded and overseen by the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Publications - Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum |url=https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Publications?preview=/1016824/8883696/History+of+the+National+Eye+Institute.pdf |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=history.nih.gov}}</ref> (now known as the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]), which was established in 1950, after President Harry S. Truman signed the Omnibus Medical Research Act.<ref name=":1" /> This bill marked the beginning of vision research at the federal level.


Organizing, structuring, and separating [[Visual system|vision]] and [[neurological]] research was a challenge at National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness. In its early years, securing funding was difficult.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798-1948 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-0377140-bk |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=collections.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> The institute established an Ophthalmology Branch, which served primarily as an ophthalmic consultation service for NIH.<ref name=":1" /> Ophthalmic research grew slowly throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, producing results despite small budgets.<ref name=":1" /> One notable example was the study that identified the cause of retrolental fibroplasia (now known as [[retinopathy of prematurity]], the leading cause of [[Visual impairment|blindness]] among children at the time.<ref name=":1" />
Organizing, structuring, and separating [[Visual system|vision]] and [[neurological]] research was a challenge at National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness. In its early years, securing funding was difficult.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798-1948 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-0377140-bk |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=collections.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> The institute established an Ophthalmology Branch, which served primarily as an ophthalmic consultation service for NIH.<ref name=":1" /> Ophthalmic research grew slowly throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, producing results despite small budgets.<ref name=":1" /> One notable example was the study that identified the cause of retrolental fibroplasia (now known as [[retinopathy of prematurity]], the leading cause of [[Visual impairment|blindness]] among children at the time.<ref name=":1" />
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Despite this progress, some prominent members of the vision research community asserted that too many important proposals for ophthalmic research were not granted funding. They also emphasized that [[ophthalmology]] could stand on its own as a discrete academic discipline beyond [[Eye surgery|surgery]] and [[neurology]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-07 |title=National Eye Institute (NEI) |url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-eye-institute-nei |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref> This prompted some leading academic ophthalmologists and vision community supporters to campaign for a separate institute focused solely on vision research.<ref name=":2" /> These advocates included [[Bernard Becker|Bernard Becker, M.D.]]; [[Edward Maumenee|A. Edward Maumenee, M.D.]]; [[David Glendenning Cogan|David Glendenning Cogan, M.D.]]; Frank Newell, M.D.; Michael J. Hogan, M.D.; Frank C. Winter, M.D.; John M. McLean, M.D.; and [[Jules C. Stein|Jules Stein, M.D.]]
Despite this progress, some prominent members of the vision research community asserted that too many important proposals for ophthalmic research were not granted funding. They also emphasized that [[ophthalmology]] could stand on its own as a discrete academic discipline beyond [[Eye surgery|surgery]] and [[neurology]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-07 |title=National Eye Institute (NEI) |url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-eye-institute-nei |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref> This prompted some leading academic ophthalmologists and vision community supporters to campaign for a separate institute focused solely on vision research.<ref name=":2" /> These advocates included [[Bernard Becker|Bernard Becker, M.D.]]; [[Edward Maumenee|A. Edward Maumenee, M.D.]]; [[David Glendenning Cogan|David Glendenning Cogan, M.D.]]; Frank Newell, M.D.; Michael J. Hogan, M.D.; Frank C. Winter, M.D.; John M. McLean, M.D.; and [[Jules C. Stein|Jules Stein, M.D.]]


The [[lobbying]] campaign for a separate ophthalmology-focused institute began in earnest in the mid-1960s and culminated in President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signing legislation creating NEI as part of NIH.<ref name=":2" /> NEI was established on August 16, 1968, as the United States' first civilian governmental body focused on eye diseases, eye disorders, and vision research.<ref name=":3" />
The [[lobbying]] campaign for a separate ophthalmology-focused institute began in earnest in the mid-1960s and culminated in President Lyndon B. Johnson signing legislation creating NEI as part of NIH.<ref name=":2" /> NEI was established on August 16, 1968, as the United States' first civilian governmental body focused on eye diseases, eye disorders, and vision research.<ref name=":3" />


=== NEI, 1968 to present ===
=== NEI, 1968 to present ===
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