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National Science Foundation: Difference between revisions
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{{Organization | |||
|OrganizationName=National Science Foundation | |||
|OrganizationType=Independent Agencies | |||
|Mission=The National Science Foundation promotes the progress of science; advances the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and secures the national defense by supporting research and education in all fields of science and engineering. It funds research and education projects across the U.S. to catalyze discoveries, innovations, and partnerships. | |||
|CreationLegislation=National Science Foundation Act of 1950 | |||
|Employees=2100 | |||
|Budget=$8.837 billion (Fiscal Year 2023) | |||
|OrganizationExecutive=Director | |||
|Services=Research grants; Education programs; Infrastructure support; Science and engineering policy | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.80144, -77.07039 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=2415 Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA | |||
|Website=https://www.nsf.gov | |||
}} | |||
{{short description|United States government agency}} | {{short description|United States government agency}} | ||
{{Infobox government agency | {{Infobox government agency | ||
| agency_name = U.S. National Science Foundation | | agency_name = U.S. National Science Foundation | ||
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The '''U.S. National Science Foundation''' ('''NSF''') is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. | The '''U.S. National Science Foundation''' ('''NSF''') is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. | ||
NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board (NSB) do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies | NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the [[National Science Board]] (NSB) do not require U.S. [[Senate confirmation]]. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Founding=== | ===Founding=== | ||
The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscode42/usc_sup_01_42_10_16.html|title=42 U.S. Code Chapter 16 – National Science Foundation|website=law.cornell.edu}}</ref> Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defense."<ref name="US NSF - About - NSF at a Glance" /> The NSF's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio, including the social and behavioral sciences, engineering, and science and mathematics education. The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support ''all'' non-medical fields of research.<ref name="NSF Site" /> | The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the [[National Science Foundation Act of 1950]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscode42/usc_sup_01_42_10_16.html|title=42 U.S. Code Chapter 16 – National Science Foundation|website=law.cornell.edu}}</ref> Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defense."<ref name="US NSF - About - NSF at a Glance" /> The NSF's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio, including the social and behavioral sciences, engineering, and science and mathematics education. The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support ''all'' non-medical fields of research.<ref name="NSF Site" /> | ||
===Budget and performance history=== | ===Budget and performance history=== | ||
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====1950–59==== | ====1950–59==== | ||
In 1950 | In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/USCODE-2010-title42/USCODE-2010-title42-chap16/content-detail.html 42 U.S.C. 16 – National Science Foundation]. Gpo.gov. Retrieved on February 21, 2014.</ref> creating the National Science Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13480|title=Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Science Foundation.," May 10, 1950|author1=Peters, Gerhard|author2=Woolley, John T|work=The American Presidency Project|publisher=University of California |location= Santa Barbara|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{USStatute|81|507|64|149|1950|05|10}}</ref> which provided for a [[National Science Board]] of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated [[Alan T. Waterman]], chief scientist at the [[Office of Naval Research]], to become the first Director. | ||
With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. | With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. | ||
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==Grants and the merit review process== | ==Grants and the merit review process== | ||
The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/funding/aboutfunding.jsp|title=US NSF – About Funding|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being [[NASA]] and the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/policydocs/pappg17_1/pappg_1.jsp#IC|title=PAPPG – Chapter I|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> | The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/funding/aboutfunding.jsp|title=US NSF – About Funding|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being [[NASA]] and the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/policydocs/pappg17_1/pappg_1.jsp#IC|title=PAPPG – Chapter I|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> | ||
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==Scope and organization== | ==Scope and organization== | ||
[[File:NSF building.jpg|thumb|National Science Foundation's former headquarters in | [[File:NSF building.jpg|thumb|National Science Foundation's former headquarters in Arlington County, Virginia; in 2017, the foundation relocated to [[Alexandria, Virginia]]]] | ||
The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the [[National Science Board]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp|title=NSF Organization List {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]].<ref name=":19">{{cite web| url = https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828214010/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| archive-date = 2017-08-28| title = National Science Foundation prepares to move to its new Alexandria home developed by USAA and Lowe Enterprises – Washington Business Journal}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sernovitz|first1=Daniel J.|title=National Science Foundation is relocating to its new Alexandria HQ. We take you inside.|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html|website=Washington Business Journal|access-date=13 May 2018|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> | The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the [[National Science Board]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp|title=NSF Organization List {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]].<ref name=":19">{{cite web| url = https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828214010/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| archive-date = 2017-08-28| title = National Science Foundation prepares to move to its new Alexandria home developed by USAA and Lowe Enterprises – Washington Business Journal}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sernovitz|first1=Daniel J.|title=National Science Foundation is relocating to its new Alexandria HQ. We take you inside.|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html|website=Washington Business Journal|access-date=13 May 2018|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> | ||
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* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] for Europe, formerly based in [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|title=NSF Europe Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024528/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) | * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] for Europe, formerly based in [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|title=NSF Europe Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024528/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) | ||
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] for East Asia, except China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|title=NSF Tokyo Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314165230/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1960) | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] for East Asia, except China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|title=NSF Tokyo Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314165230/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1960) | ||
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] for | * {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] for China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/beijing/|title=NSF Beijing Office |website=NSF |access-date=October 22, 2015|archive-date=October 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002074313/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/beijing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 2006) | ||
All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-science-foundation-close-its-overseas-offices|title=National Science Foundation to close its overseas offices|last1=Normile|first1=Dennis|last2=Stone|first2=Richard|date=2018-02-26|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> | All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-science-foundation-close-its-overseas-offices|title=National Science Foundation to close its overseas offices|last1=Normile|first1=Dennis|last2=Stone|first2=Richard|date=2018-02-26|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> | ||
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===National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics=== | ===National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics=== | ||
NSF's [[National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics]] (NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ NCSES home page] at nsf.gov</ref> NCSES is one of the [[Federal Statistical System of the United States|principal U.S. statistical agencies]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} It is a part of the NSF's Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate (SBE).<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/about-ncses.cfm#core|title=nsf.gov – About – NCSES – US National Science Foundation (NSF)|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> | NSF's [[National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics]] (NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ NCSES home page] at nsf.gov</ref> NCSES is one of the [[Federal Statistical System of the United States|principal U.S. statistical agencies]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} It is a part of the NSF's Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate (SBE).<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/about-ncses.cfm#core|title=nsf.gov – About – NCSES – US National Science Foundation (NSF)|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||