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National Science Foundation: Difference between revisions
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====1950–59==== | ====1950–59==== | ||
In 1950 | In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/USCODE-2010-title42/USCODE-2010-title42-chap16/content-detail.html 42 U.S.C. 16 – National Science Foundation]. Gpo.gov. Retrieved on February 21, 2014.</ref> creating the National Science Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13480|title=Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Science Foundation.," May 10, 1950|author1=Peters, Gerhard|author2=Woolley, John T|work=The American Presidency Project|publisher=University of California |location= Santa Barbara|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{USStatute|81|507|64|149|1950|05|10}}</ref> which provided for a [[National Science Board]] of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated [[Alan T. Waterman]], chief scientist at the [[Office of Naval Research]], to become the first Director. | ||
With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. | With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. | ||
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==Scope and organization== | ==Scope and organization== | ||
[[File:NSF building.jpg|thumb|National Science Foundation's former headquarters in | [[File:NSF building.jpg|thumb|National Science Foundation's former headquarters in Arlington County, Virginia; in 2017, the foundation relocated to [[Alexandria, Virginia]]]] | ||
The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the [[National Science Board]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp|title=NSF Organization List {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]].<ref name=":19">{{cite web| url = https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828214010/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| archive-date = 2017-08-28| title = National Science Foundation prepares to move to its new Alexandria home developed by USAA and Lowe Enterprises – Washington Business Journal}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sernovitz|first1=Daniel J.|title=National Science Foundation is relocating to its new Alexandria HQ. We take you inside.|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html|website=Washington Business Journal|access-date=13 May 2018|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> | The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the [[National Science Board]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp|title=NSF Organization List {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]].<ref name=":19">{{cite web| url = https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828214010/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html| archive-date = 2017-08-28| title = National Science Foundation prepares to move to its new Alexandria home developed by USAA and Lowe Enterprises – Washington Business Journal}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sernovitz|first1=Daniel J.|title=National Science Foundation is relocating to its new Alexandria HQ. We take you inside.|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html|website=Washington Business Journal|access-date=13 May 2018|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> | ||
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* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] for Europe, formerly based in [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|title=NSF Europe Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024528/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) | * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] for Europe, formerly based in [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|title=NSF Europe Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024528/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/europe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) | ||
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] for East Asia, except China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|title=NSF Tokyo Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314165230/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1960) | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] for East Asia, except China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|title=NSF Tokyo Regional Office |website=NSF |access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314165230/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/tokyo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 1960) | ||
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] for | * {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] for China<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/beijing/|title=NSF Beijing Office |website=NSF |access-date=October 22, 2015|archive-date=October 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002074313/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/beijing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (established 2006) | ||
All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-science-foundation-close-its-overseas-offices|title=National Science Foundation to close its overseas offices|last1=Normile|first1=Dennis|last2=Stone|first2=Richard|date=2018-02-26|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> | All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-science-foundation-close-its-overseas-offices|title=National Science Foundation to close its overseas offices|last1=Normile|first1=Dennis|last2=Stone|first2=Richard|date=2018-02-26|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> | ||