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Arlington National Cemetery: Difference between revisions
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| established = {{start date and age|May 13, 1864}} | | established = {{start date and age|May 13, 1864}} | ||
| country = United States | | country = United States | ||
| location = | | location = Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. | ||
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|45|N|77|04|20|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA_scale:10000_source:|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|45|N|77|04|20|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA_scale:10000_source:|display=inline,title}} | ||
| map_type = Washington D.C. | | map_type = Washington D.C. | ||
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| politicalgeo = }} | | politicalgeo = }} | ||
[[File:ArlNatCemWomensMilitary-082613.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Arlington National Cemetery's east entrance and the cemetery's Women's Military Memorial in August 2013]] | [[File:ArlNatCemWomensMilitary-082613.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Arlington National Cemetery's east entrance and the cemetery's Women's Military Memorial in August 2013]] | ||
'''Arlington National Cemetery''' is the largest cemetery in the [[United States National Cemetery System]], one of two maintained by the [[United States Army]]. Over 400,000 people are buried in its 639 acres (259 ha) in | '''Arlington National Cemetery''' is the largest cemetery in the [[United States National Cemetery System]], one of two maintained by the [[United States Army]]. Over 400,000 people are buried in its 639 acres (259 ha) in Arlington County, Virginia. | ||
Arlington National Cemetery was established on May 13, 1864, during the American Civil War after Arlington Estate, the land on which the cemetery was built, was confiscated by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] from the private ownership of [[Confederate States Army]] General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s family following a tax dispute over the property. The cemetery is managed by the [[United States Department of the Army|U.S. Department of the Army]]. As of 2024, it conducts approximately 27 to 30 funerals each weekday and between six and eight services on Saturday.<ref>[https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/about "About"] at Arlington National Cemetery</ref> | Arlington National Cemetery was established on May 13, 1864, during the American Civil War after Arlington Estate, the land on which the cemetery was built, was confiscated by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] from the private ownership of [[Confederate States Army]] General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s family following a tax dispute over the property. The cemetery is managed by the [[United States Department of the Army|U.S. Department of the Army]]. As of 2024, it conducts approximately 27 to 30 funerals each weekday and between six and eight services on Saturday.<ref>[https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/about "About"] at Arlington National Cemetery</ref> | ||
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====American Civil War==== | ====American Civil War==== | ||
{{Further|American Civil War}} | {{Further|American Civil War}} | ||
In April 1861, following the [[Confederate States Army]] bombing of [[Fort Sumter]] in the [[Battle of Fort Sumter]] and the [[Union Army]]'s subsequent surrender of the fort, the American Civil War was launched, and [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861|Virginia promptly seceded from the Union]]. On April 15, realizing that Fort Sumter's fall left the national capital of [[Washington, D.C.]] highly vulnerable to Confederate attack and occupation, [[Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln]] [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|called for 75,000 volunteers]] from around the | In April 1861, following the [[Confederate States Army]] bombing of [[Fort Sumter]] in the [[Battle of Fort Sumter]] and the [[Union Army]]'s subsequent surrender of the fort, the American Civil War was launched, and [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861|Virginia promptly seceded from the Union]]. On April 15, realizing that Fort Sumter's fall left the national capital of [[Washington, D.C.]] highly vulnerable to Confederate attack and occupation, [[Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln]] [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|called for 75,000 volunteers]] from around the Union to help defend it. | ||
Five days after Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to defend the national capital, on April 20, [[Robert E. Lee]], embracing the cause of Virginia's separation from the | Five days after Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to defend the national capital, on April 20, [[Robert E. Lee]], embracing the cause of Virginia's separation from the Union, resigned his [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] commission to lead Virginia's separatist armed forces; the following year, on June 1, 1862, Lee was appointed commander of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]], the Confederate Army's primary military force.{{sfn|Warner|1959|p=181}} | ||
When the Civil War commenced, American military personnel who died in battle near [[Washington, D.C.]], were buried at the [[United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery|United States Soldiers' Cemetery]] in Washington, D.C., or [[Alexandria National Cemetery (Virginia)|Alexandria Cemetery]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. By late 1863, however, both cemeteries were nearly full.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} | When the Civil War commenced, American military personnel who died in battle near [[Washington, D.C.]], were buried at the [[United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery|United States Soldiers' Cemetery]] in Washington, D.C., or [[Alexandria National Cemetery (Virginia)|Alexandria Cemetery]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. By late 1863, however, both cemeteries were nearly full.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} | ||
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On July 16, 1862, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed legislation authorizing the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] to purchase land for national cemeteries for the purpose of burying military dead, and placed the [[Quartermaster General of the United States Army|U.S. Army Quartermaster General]] in charge of this program.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} | On July 16, 1862, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed legislation authorizing the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] to purchase land for national cemeteries for the purpose of burying military dead, and placed the [[Quartermaster General of the United States Army|U.S. Army Quartermaster General]] in charge of this program.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} | ||
Beginning in 1863, the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves, giving the land the name "Freedman's Village". The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming {{convert|1,100|acres|ha}} of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training, both during the Civil War and after its end.{{sfn|Schildt|1984|p=}}<ref>(1) {{cite web|title=Freedman's Village |work=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|publisher=[[National Park Service]]: [[United States Department of the Interior]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/arho/learn/historyculture/emancipation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714094821/https://www.nps.gov/arho/learn/historyculture/emancipation.htm|archive-date=July 14, 2016|access-date=September 28, 2016|year=2016}}<br />(2) {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123151016/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Minorities/Black-History-at-ANC|archive-date=January 23, 2016 |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Minorities/Black-History-at-ANC|title=Black History at Arlington National Cemetery|work=Arlington National Cemetery|publisher=United States Army |location= | Beginning in 1863, the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves, giving the land the name "Freedman's Village". The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming {{convert|1,100|acres|ha}} of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training, both during the Civil War and after its end.{{sfn|Schildt|1984|p=}}<ref>(1) {{cite web|title=Freedman's Village |work=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|publisher=[[National Park Service]]: [[United States Department of the Interior]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/arho/learn/historyculture/emancipation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714094821/https://www.nps.gov/arho/learn/historyculture/emancipation.htm|archive-date=July 14, 2016|access-date=September 28, 2016|year=2016}}<br />(2) {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123151016/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Minorities/Black-History-at-ANC|archive-date=January 23, 2016 |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Minorities/Black-History-at-ANC|title=Black History at Arlington National Cemetery|work=Arlington National Cemetery|publisher=United States Army |location=Arlington County, Virginia|access-date=September 26, 2016}}<br />(4) {{cite web |url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5293|editor=Swain, Craig|title="Freedman's Village: A New Home for African Americans" marker |publisher=HMdb: The Historical Marker Database|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226204407/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5293|archive-date=December 26, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
In May 1864, the [[Union Army]] suffered large fatalities in the [[Battle of the Wilderness]]. Quartermaster General [[Montgomery C. Meigs]] ordered a review of eligible sites for the establishment of a large and new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} The property was located at a relatively high elevation and was typically free from floods capable of unearthing graves, and it was aesthetically pleasing. An additional factor in its selection was likely that it was the residence of Robert E. Lee, a leader in the Confederate States Army, and denying Lee use of his home during and following the war was advantageous to the Union.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=88}} | In May 1864, the [[Union Army]] suffered large fatalities in the [[Battle of the Wilderness]]. Quartermaster General [[Montgomery C. Meigs]] ordered a review of eligible sites for the establishment of a large and new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=84}} The property was located at a relatively high elevation and was typically free from floods capable of unearthing graves, and it was aesthetically pleasing. An additional factor in its selection was likely that it was the residence of Robert E. Lee, a leader in the Confederate States Army, and denying Lee use of his home during and following the war was advantageous to the Union.{{sfn|Hanna|2001|p=88}} | ||
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In 1874, [[George Washington Custis Lee]] sued the [[U.S. federal government]], claiming ownership of the Arlington Cemetery grounds. On December 9, 1882, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled 5–4 in Lee's favor in ''United States v. Lee'', concluding that the U.S. government seized Arlington Cemetery and its surrounding grounds without affording Lee due process.<ref name="arlingtoncemetery.org"/><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=United States v. Lee Kaufman}}</ref> | In 1874, [[George Washington Custis Lee]] sued the [[U.S. federal government]], claiming ownership of the Arlington Cemetery grounds. On December 9, 1882, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled 5–4 in Lee's favor in ''United States v. Lee'', concluding that the U.S. government seized Arlington Cemetery and its surrounding grounds without affording Lee due process.<ref name="arlingtoncemetery.org"/><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=United States v. Lee Kaufman}}</ref> | ||
Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision, [[United States Congress|Congress]] abided by the Supreme Court ruling, and returned the estate to Lee. By this time, however, Lee was less interested in obtaining the property than in receiving cash compensation for it. On March 3, 1883, Custis Lee sold it back to the U.S. government for $150,000 ({{Inflation|US|150000|1875|fmt=eq}}) at a signing ceremony with then [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].<ref name="hughes"/><ref name=explore >{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117100524/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/History/Arlington-House|archive-date=January 17, 2016|date=October 7, 2015|title=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial |work=Arlington National Cemetery|publisher=United States Army|location= | Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision, [[United States Congress|Congress]] abided by the Supreme Court ruling, and returned the estate to Lee. By this time, however, Lee was less interested in obtaining the property than in receiving cash compensation for it. On March 3, 1883, Custis Lee sold it back to the U.S. government for $150,000 ({{Inflation|US|150000|1875|fmt=eq}}) at a signing ceremony with then [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].<ref name="hughes"/><ref name=explore >{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117100524/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/History/Arlington-House|archive-date=January 17, 2016|date=October 7, 2015|title=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial |work=Arlington National Cemetery|publisher=United States Army|location=Arlington County, Virginia |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/History/Arlington-House |access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> The land then became a [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] reservation.{{sfn|Schildt|1984|pp=18–19}} | ||
===20th century=== | ===20th century=== | ||
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====2010 mismanagement controversy==== | ====2010 mismanagement controversy==== | ||
{{main|Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy}} | {{main|Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy}} | ||
On June 9, 2010, United States Secretary of the Army [[John M. McHugh]] reprimanded the cemetery's superintendent, John C. Metzler, Jr., and his deputy, Thurman Higgenbotham, after a [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|DOD inspector general]]'s report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs, buried coffins in shallow graves, and buried bodies on top of one another. Metzler, who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2, 2010, admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-11-la-na-arlington-cemetery-20100611-story.html| author=Julian E. Barnes| title=Arlington National Cemetery's top supervisors ousted in mismanagement case| work=Los Angeles Times| date=June 11, 2010| access-date=July 29, 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122056/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/11/nation/la-na-arlington-cemetery-20100611| archive-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day-to-day work by "dysfunctional management, lack of established policy and procedures, and an overall unhealthy organizational climate."<ref>{{cite news| author=William H. McMichael| title= Errors at Arlington affected 211 graves| url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/06/military_arlington_cemetery_061010w| work=[[Army Times]] |date=June 10, 2010| access-date=July 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Arlington Cemetery superintendent retiring| author= | On June 9, 2010, United States Secretary of the Army [[John M. McHugh]] reprimanded the cemetery's superintendent, John C. Metzler, Jr., and his deputy, Thurman Higgenbotham, after a [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|DOD inspector general]]'s report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs, buried coffins in shallow graves, and buried bodies on top of one another. Metzler, who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2, 2010, admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-11-la-na-arlington-cemetery-20100611-story.html| author=Julian E. Barnes| title=Arlington National Cemetery's top supervisors ousted in mismanagement case| work=Los Angeles Times| date=June 11, 2010| access-date=July 29, 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122056/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/11/nation/la-na-arlington-cemetery-20100611| archive-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day-to-day work by "dysfunctional management, lack of established policy and procedures, and an overall unhealthy organizational climate."<ref>{{cite news| author=William H. McMichael| title= Errors at Arlington affected 211 graves| url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/06/military_arlington_cemetery_061010w| work=[[Army Times]] |date=June 10, 2010| access-date=July 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Arlington Cemetery superintendent retiring| author=Associated Press| work=Army Times| date=June 9, 2010| url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/06/ap_arlington_cemetery_060910w| access-date=July 29, 2011}}</ref> Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced.<ref>{{cite news| author=Aaron C. Davis| title=Arlington Cemetery's Deputy Chief Retires Amid Investigation| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=July 14, 2010| page=B1| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/13/AR2010071306344.html| access-date=July 29, 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131133446/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/13/AR2010071306344.html| archive-date=January 31, 2011}}</ref> | ||
In March 2011, as a result of the problems discovered, Kathryn Condon, the recently appointed executive director of the Army National Military Cemeteries, announced that the cemetery's staff had been increased from 102 to 159. She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because, "They didn't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do."<ref>{{cite news| author=Christian Davenport| title=For first time in decades, Arlington National Cemetery must bury multiple 'unknowns'| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/06/AR2011030603633.html| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=March 7, 2011| page=1| access-date=July 29, 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602081704/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/06/AR2011030603633.html| archive-date=June 2, 2012}}</ref> | In March 2011, as a result of the problems discovered, Kathryn Condon, the recently appointed executive director of the Army National Military Cemeteries, announced that the cemetery's staff had been increased from 102 to 159. She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because, "They didn't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do."<ref>{{cite news| author=Christian Davenport| title=For first time in decades, Arlington National Cemetery must bury multiple 'unknowns'| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/06/AR2011030603633.html| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=March 7, 2011| page=1| access-date=July 29, 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602081704/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/06/AR2011030603633.html| archive-date=June 2, 2012}}</ref> | ||
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===Bicycle use=== | ===Bicycle use=== | ||
Pursuant to the Department of the Army final rule established in 2016,<ref>(1) {{cite journal |author=Department of the Army, Department of Defense |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/26/2016-23087/army-national-military-cemeteries |title=81 FR 65875: Final rule: Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 (Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries)|quote=(c) ... Specifically, no person shall: .... (8) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery, except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche. An individual visiting a relative's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance.|pages=65875–65888|journal=[[Federal Register]]|volume=81|date=September 26, 2016|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717205123/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/26/2016-23087/army-national-military-cemeteries|archive-date=July 17, 2017}}<br />(2) {{cite news|last=Wentling|first=Nikki|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/arlington-national-cemetery-to-impose-bicycle-ban-1.434693|title=Arlington National Cemetery to impose bicycle ban|newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|date=October 18, 2016|quote=Bicyclists will no longer be allowed to ride through the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery under a new policy that's set to start next week despite protest from local officials and bicycle groups. Bicyclists disrupt funeral services, affect other visitors' experiences and pose safety concerns, the Army said in an announcement of the new rule, which goes into effect Oct. 26. But the Arlington County Board and bicycle advocacy organizations in Arlington and nearby Fairfax County argued cyclists using the cemetery do so respectfully.|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717205551/https://www.stripes.com/news/arlington-national-cemetery-to-impose-bicycle-ban-1.434693#.WW0kjdyQy70 |archive-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> the cemetery's bicycle policy states bicycling presents a potential safety hazard, and is only allowed on its grounds with a family pass.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Visit/Getting-Here/Getting-Around/Bicycle-Use-Policy|title=Bicycle Use Policy|date=October 26, 2016|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery, United States Army|location= | Pursuant to the Department of the Army final rule established in 2016,<ref>(1) {{cite journal |author=Department of the Army, Department of Defense |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/26/2016-23087/army-national-military-cemeteries |title=81 FR 65875: Final rule: Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 (Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries)|quote=(c) ... Specifically, no person shall: .... (8) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery, except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche. An individual visiting a relative's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance.|pages=65875–65888|journal=[[Federal Register]]|volume=81|date=September 26, 2016|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717205123/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/26/2016-23087/army-national-military-cemeteries|archive-date=July 17, 2017}}<br />(2) {{cite news|last=Wentling|first=Nikki|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/arlington-national-cemetery-to-impose-bicycle-ban-1.434693|title=Arlington National Cemetery to impose bicycle ban|newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|date=October 18, 2016|quote=Bicyclists will no longer be allowed to ride through the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery under a new policy that's set to start next week despite protest from local officials and bicycle groups. Bicyclists disrupt funeral services, affect other visitors' experiences and pose safety concerns, the Army said in an announcement of the new rule, which goes into effect Oct. 26. But the Arlington County Board and bicycle advocacy organizations in Arlington and nearby Fairfax County argued cyclists using the cemetery do so respectfully.|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717205551/https://www.stripes.com/news/arlington-national-cemetery-to-impose-bicycle-ban-1.434693#.WW0kjdyQy70 |archive-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> the cemetery's bicycle policy states bicycling presents a potential safety hazard, and is only allowed on its grounds with a family pass.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Visit/Getting-Here/Getting-Around/Bicycle-Use-Policy|title=Bicycle Use Policy|date=October 26, 2016|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery, United States Army|location=Arlington County, Virginia|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717205926/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Visit/Getting-Here/Getting-Around/Bicycle-Use-Policy|archive-date=July 17, 2017}} <br />(2) {{cite web|last=Kelleher |first=Colleen |url=http://wtop.com/arlington/2016/10/bikes-pets-banned-from-arlington-national-cemetery/|title=Bikes, pets banned from Arlington National Cemetery|work=Arlington VA News|publisher=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]|date=October 26, 2016 |access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717210120/http://wtop.com/arlington/2016/10/bikes-pets-banned-from-arlington-national-cemetery/|archive-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> | ||
===Security procedures=== | ===Security procedures=== | ||