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Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref>
Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref>


Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=15 February 2022 | last=Sahagun |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NOLA 2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html | title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds | work=The Times-Picayune, New Orleans | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Schleifstein, Mark}}</ref> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<ref name="Australian - 2014 bluefin study">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064 | title=Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems | work=The Australian | date=14 February 2014 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in ''Proceedings of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]'', found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but ''The New York Times'' reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<ref name="Wines-24-March-14">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work=Los Angeles Times | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=15 February 2022 | last=Sahagun |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NOLA 2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html | title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds | work=The Times-Picayune, New Orleans | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Schleifstein, Mark}}</ref> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<ref name="Australian - 2014 bluefin study">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064 | title=Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems | work=The Australian | date=14 February 2014 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in ''Proceedings of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]'', found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but ''The New York Times'' reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<ref name="Wines-24-March-14">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 March 2014}}</ref>


====Effects on human health====
====Effects on human health====
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<ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>


<ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-holder-bp-oil-spill-settlement-20121115%2c0%2c335475.story |access-date=11 December 2012 |date=15 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-holder-bp-oil-spill-settlement-20121115%2c0%2c335475.story |access-date=11 December 2012 |date=15 November 2012}}</ref>


<ref name="bio">{{cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darcy-william-knox-5882|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter=D'Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="bio">{{cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darcy-william-knox-5882|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter=D'Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>
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<ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 February 1988 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 February 1988 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>


<ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 September 1989 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 September 1989 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>


<ref name=roberts>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=John |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |title=Organizing for Performance: How BP Did It |work=Stanford Business |publisher=Gsb.stanford.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155008/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=roberts>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=John |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |title=Organizing for Performance: How BP Did It |work=Stanford Business |publisher=Gsb.stanford.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155008/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>
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