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Tennessee: Difference between revisions
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Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three [[Grand Divisions of Tennessee|Grand Divisions]] of [[East Tennessee|East]], [[Middle Tennessee|Middle]], and [[West Tennessee]]. [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of [[Appalachia]], the [[Upland South]], and the [[Deep South]]. The [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] along the eastern border reach some of the highest elevations in eastern North America, and the [[Cumberland Plateau]] contains many scenic valleys and [[waterfall]]s. The central part of the state is marked by cavernous bedrock and irregular rolling hills, and level, fertile plains define West Tennessee. The state is twice bisected by the [[Tennessee River]], and the [[Mississippi River]] forms its western border. The [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], the nation's most visited national park, is in eastern Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm |title=Great Smoky Mountains National Park |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202145003/http://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three [[Grand Divisions of Tennessee|Grand Divisions]] of [[East Tennessee|East]], [[Middle Tennessee|Middle]], and [[West Tennessee]]. [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of [[Appalachia]], the [[Upland South]], and the [[Deep South]]. The [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] along the eastern border reach some of the highest elevations in eastern North America, and the [[Cumberland Plateau]] contains many scenic valleys and [[waterfall]]s. The central part of the state is marked by cavernous bedrock and irregular rolling hills, and level, fertile plains define West Tennessee. The state is twice bisected by the [[Tennessee River]], and the [[Mississippi River]] forms its western border. The [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], the nation's most visited national park, is in eastern Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm |title=Great Smoky Mountains National Park |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202145003/http://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Tennessee is rooted in the [[Watauga Association]], a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=46–47}} Its name derives from {{transl|chr|[[Tanasi]]}} ({{lang|chr|ᏔᎾᏏ}}), a [[Cherokee]] town preceding the first European American settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bales|first=Stephen Lyn|date=2007|title=Natural Histories: Stories from the Tennessee Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIZmfXFGydwC|location=Knoxville, TN|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|pages=85–86|isbn=978-1572335615|via=Google Books}}</ref> Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the [[Southwest Territory]], before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" due to a strong tradition of military service.<ref name=culturetrip>{{cite web |last=McCullough |first=Clay |title=Why Tennessee is Called the Volunteer State |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/why-tennessee-is-called-the-volunteer-state/ |publisher=Culture Trip |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> A [[Slave states and free states|slave state]] until the | Tennessee is rooted in the [[Watauga Association]], a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=46–47}} Its name derives from {{transl|chr|[[Tanasi]]}} ({{lang|chr|ᏔᎾᏏ}}), a [[Cherokee]] town preceding the first European American settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bales|first=Stephen Lyn|date=2007|title=Natural Histories: Stories from the Tennessee Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIZmfXFGydwC|location=Knoxville, TN|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|pages=85–86|isbn=978-1572335615|via=Google Books}}</ref> Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the [[Southwest Territory]], before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" due to a strong tradition of military service.<ref name=culturetrip>{{cite web |last=McCullough |first=Clay |title=Why Tennessee is Called the Volunteer State |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/why-tennessee-is-called-the-volunteer-state/ |publisher=Culture Trip |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> A [[Slave states and free states|slave state]] until the American Civil War, Tennessee was politically divided, with most of its western and middle parts supporting the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], and most of the eastern region harboring [[Southern Unionist|pro]]-[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] sentiment. As a result, Tennessee was the last state to officially [[Secession in the United States|secede]] from the Union and join the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], and the first former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] state readmitted to the Union after the war had ended during the [[Reconstruction era]].<ref name=guide>{{cite web |url=http://www.usm.edu/armyrotc/Shiloh%20Staff%20Ride/TN%20Civil%20War%20Heritage%20Trail.pdf |title=Tennessee's Civil War Heritage Trail |publisher=The University of Southern Mississippi |access-date=November 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326035703/http://www.usm.edu/armyrotc/Shiloh%20Staff%20Ride/TN%20Civil%20War%20Heritage%20Trail.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2010}}</ref> | ||
During the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from a predominantly agrarian society to a more diversified economy. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) and the city of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], which was established during [[World War II]] to house the [[Manhattan Project]]'s uranium enrichment facilities for the construction of the [[History of nuclear weapons|world's first atomic bombs]]. After the war, the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] became a key center of scientific research. The state's economy is dominated by the [[healthcare industry|health care]], [[Music of the United States#Industry and economics|music]], [[financial services|finance]], [[automotive industry in the United States|automotive]], [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[electronics industry in the United States|electronics]], and [[tourism]] sectors, and [[cattle]], [[soybean]]s, [[poultry]], [[maize|corn]], and [[cotton]] are its primary agricultural products.<ref name=homeandfarm13>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnhomeandfarm.com/agriculture/tennessees-top-five/ |title=Tennessee's Top Five|last=Bertone|first=Rachel|date=November 20, 2013|website=Tennessee Home & Farm|publisher=Tennessee Farm Bureau|access-date=<!--2021-04-09-->}}</ref> Tennessee has played a major role in the development of many forms of [[popular music]], including [[Country music|country]], [[Blues music|blues]], [[rock and roll]], [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Gospel music|gospel]]. | During the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from a predominantly agrarian society to a more diversified economy. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) and the city of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], which was established during [[World War II]] to house the [[Manhattan Project]]'s uranium enrichment facilities for the construction of the [[History of nuclear weapons|world's first atomic bombs]]. After the war, the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] became a key center of scientific research. The state's economy is dominated by the [[healthcare industry|health care]], [[Music of the United States#Industry and economics|music]], [[financial services|finance]], [[automotive industry in the United States|automotive]], [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[electronics industry in the United States|electronics]], and [[tourism]] sectors, and [[cattle]], [[soybean]]s, [[poultry]], [[maize|corn]], and [[cotton]] are its primary agricultural products.<ref name=homeandfarm13>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnhomeandfarm.com/agriculture/tennessees-top-five/ |title=Tennessee's Top Five|last=Bertone|first=Rachel|date=November 20, 2013|website=Tennessee Home & Farm|publisher=Tennessee Farm Bureau|access-date=<!--2021-04-09-->}}</ref> Tennessee has played a major role in the development of many forms of [[popular music]], including [[Country music|country]], [[Blues music|blues]], [[rock and roll]], [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Gospel music|gospel]]. | ||
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{{main|Tennessee in the American Civil War|Confederate States of America|Ordinance of Secession}} | {{main|Tennessee in the American Civil War|Confederate States of America|Ordinance of Secession}} | ||
At the onset of the | At the onset of the American Civil War, most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3-8}} In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].{{sfn|Lamon|1980|p=116}} Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.<ref name="guide"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Walter Lynn |date=Winter 1991 |title=Southern Unionists: A Socio-Economic Examination of the Third East Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, U.S.A., 1862–1865 |jstor=42626970 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=226–239 |doi=}}</ref> Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWSAC Report |url=http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |website=Civil War Sites Advisory Commission |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001021/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |date=December 8, 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], secessionists in the state government led by Governor [[Isham Harris]] [[Ordinance of Secession|sought voter approval]] to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4, 291}} After the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack on Fort Sumter]] in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4}} On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=294}} In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized [[East Tennessee Convention|a convention in Knoxville]] with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] of [[Kentucky]]. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and [[War Democrat]] [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of the state.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}} | After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], secessionists in the state government led by Governor [[Isham Harris]] [[Ordinance of Secession|sought voter approval]] to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4, 291}} After the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack on Fort Sumter]] in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4}} On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=294}} In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized [[East Tennessee Convention|a convention in Knoxville]] with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] of [[Kentucky]]. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and [[War Democrat]] [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of the state.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}} | ||