Pennsylvania: Difference between revisions

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 Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the [[American Revolution]] and the ultimately successful quest for independence from the [[British Empire]], hosting the [[First Continental Congress|First]] and [[Second Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]], which formed the [[Continental Army]] and appointed [[George Washington]] as its commander in 1775, and unanimously adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] the following year.<ref name="American Creation">{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Joseph |url=https://archive.org/details/americancreation0000elli_t3w8 |title=American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic |date=2007 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-26369-8 |location=New York |pages=55–56 |author-link=Joseph Ellis |url-access=registration}}</ref> On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/pennsylvania U.S. News | Best States | Pennsylvania]</ref>
-In July 1863, the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], fought over three days in and around [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]], was the bloodiest and most decisive battle of the American Civil War, claiming over 50,000 [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] fatalities and repelling [[Robert E. Lee]]'s invasion of the North, leading to the [[Conclusion of the American Civil War|Union's preservation]]. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state's manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, [[skyscraper]]s, and military hardware used in U.S.-led victories in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and the [[Cold War]].
+In July 1863, the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], fought over three days in and around [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]], was the bloodiest and most decisive battle of the American Civil War, claiming over 50,000 [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] fatalities and repelling [[Robert E. Lee]]'s invasion of the North, leading to the [[Conclusion of the American Civil War|Union's preservation]]. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state's manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, [[skyscraper]]s, and military hardware used in U.S.-led victories in World War I, [[World War II]], and the [[Cold War]].
 [[Geography of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania's geography]] is highly diverse. The [[Appalachian Mountains]] run through the center of the state; the [[Allegheny Mountains|Allegheny]] and [[Pocono Mountains|Pocono]] mountains span much of [[Northeastern Pennsylvania]]; close to [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|60% of the state is forested]]. While it has no ocean shoreline, it has {{convert|140|mi|km|0}} of waterfront along Lake Erie and the tidal Delaware River.<ref name="Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/states/shorelines.pdf |title=General Coastline and Shoreline Mileage of the United States |publisher=NOAA Office of Coastal Management |access-date=December 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225011959/https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/states/shorelines.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Uncited and not developed anywhere in the article: Pennsylvania has the most [[List of rivers of Pennsylvania|navigable rivers]] of any state in the nation, including the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]], Delaware, [[Genesee River|Genesee]], [[Ohio River|Ohio]], [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]], and others. -->
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 [[File:Bethlehem_Steel.jpg|thumb|[[Bethlehem Steel]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 19th and 20th century. In 1982, however, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003.]]
-At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, [[logging]], [[coal mining]], [[textile]] production, and other forms of industrial [[manufacturing]]. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the [[Spanish–American War]]. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in [[World War I]], and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the military. On May 31, 1918, the [[Pittsburgh Agreement]] was signed in [[Pittsburgh]] to declare the formation of the independent state of [[Czechoslovakia]] with future Czechoslovak president [[Tomáš Masaryk]].
+At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, [[logging]], [[coal mining]], [[textile]] production, and other forms of industrial [[manufacturing]]. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the [[Spanish–American War]]. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in World War I, and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the military. On May 31, 1918, the [[Pittsburgh Agreement]] was signed in [[Pittsburgh]] to declare the formation of the independent state of [[Czechoslovakia]] with future Czechoslovak president [[Tomáš Masaryk]].
 In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners joined the [[UMW General coal strike (1922)|UMW General coal strike]], which lasted 163 days and shut down most coal mines within the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=August 5, 1922 |title=The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, August 05, 1922, Image 1 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn78000395/1922-08-05/ed-1/seq-1/ |via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zimand |first= |orig-date=May 1922. Print |title=Labor Age |pages=4–7, 15–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/v11n05-may-1922-LA/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref>