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Marine Corps: Difference between revisions
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* Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the [[United States Army|Army]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]; and | * Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the [[United States Army|Army]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]; and | ||
* Such other duties as the [[President of the United States|President]] or [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] may direct. | * Such other duties as the [[President of the United States|President]] or [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] may direct. | ||
This last clause derives from similar language in the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] acts ''"For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps"'' of 1834 and ''"Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps"'' of 1798. In 1951, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives']] [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]] called the clause "one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps". It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in [[First Barbary War|Tripoli]], the [[War of 1812]], [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], and numerous [[counterinsurgency]] and occupational duties (such as those in Central America, | This last clause derives from similar language in the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] acts ''"For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps"'' of 1834 and ''"Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps"'' of 1798. In 1951, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives']] [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]] called the clause "one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps". It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in [[First Barbary War|Tripoli]], the [[War of 1812]], [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], and numerous [[counterinsurgency]] and occupational duties (such as those in Central America, World War I, and the Korean War). While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.<ref name="Estes">{{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Kenneth W.|title=The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|isbn=1-55750-567-5}}</ref> | ||
The [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]], dubbed the "President's Own" by [[John Adams]], provides music for state functions at the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998 |first=William J. |last=Clinton |editor=Office of the Federal Register |author-link=Bill Clinton |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217 1217] |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-4034-4551-3 |chapter=Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998 |quote=The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own". |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217}}</ref> Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in [[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.]], guard presidential retreats, including [[Camp David]], and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of [[HMX-1]] provide helicopter transport to the President and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], with the radio call signs "[[Marine One]]" and "Marine Two", respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marines: An Illustrated History: The United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century| first=Chester G.|last= Hearn|page=180|publisher= Zenith Imprint|year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7603-3211-5}}</ref> The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet members]] and other [[Very important person|VIPs]]. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the [[Marine Security Guard]]s of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American [[diplomatic mission|embassies]], [[legation]]s, and [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] at more than 140 posts worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force |url=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell |url-access=registration |first= Scott |last=Keller |page=[https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell/page/56 56]|publisher= Citadel Press|year=2004 |isbn =978-0-8065-2603-4}}</ref> | The [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]], dubbed the "President's Own" by [[John Adams]], provides music for state functions at the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998 |first=William J. |last=Clinton |editor=Office of the Federal Register |author-link=Bill Clinton |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217 1217] |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-4034-4551-3 |chapter=Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998 |quote=The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own". |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217}}</ref> Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in [[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.]], guard presidential retreats, including [[Camp David]], and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of [[HMX-1]] provide helicopter transport to the President and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], with the radio call signs "[[Marine One]]" and "Marine Two", respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marines: An Illustrated History: The United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century| first=Chester G.|last= Hearn|page=180|publisher= Zenith Imprint|year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7603-3211-5}}</ref> The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet members]] and other [[Very important person|VIPs]]. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the [[Marine Security Guard]]s of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American [[diplomatic mission|embassies]], [[legation]]s, and [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] at more than 140 posts worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force |url=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell |url-access=registration |first= Scott |last=Keller |page=[https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell/page/56 56]|publisher= Citadel Press|year=2004 |isbn =978-0-8065-2603-4}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Scott Belleau Wood.jpg|thumb|alt=monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest|Georges Scott, [[Battle of Belleau Wood|''American Marines in Belleau Wood'']], 1918]] | [[File:Scott Belleau Wood.jpg|thumb|alt=monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest|Georges Scott, [[Battle of Belleau Wood|''American Marines in Belleau Wood'']], 1918]] | ||
During | During World War I, Marines served as a part of the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] under General [[John J. Pershing]] when [[American entry into World War I|America entered into the war]] on 6 April 1917. The Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and [[non-commissioned officer]]s with battle experience and thus experienced a large expansion. The U.S. Marine Corps entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel and by 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 enlisted.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Marine Corps Aviation – World War One |publisher=AcePilots.com |url=http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111063805/http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html |archive-date=11 January 2006}}</ref> African-Americans were entirely excluded from the Marine Corps during this conflict.<ref>Chad L. Williams, ''Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era.'' Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; p. 6.</ref> [[Opha May Johnson]] was the first woman to enlist in the Marines; she joined the [[Marine Forces Reserve|Marine Corps Reserve]] in 1918 during World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine.<ref name="History">{{cite book|last=Hewitt|first=Linda J.|title=Women Marines in World War I (1974)|year=1974|publisher=United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division|url=https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315070622/https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm |title=Women Marines |publisher=Usmcpress.com |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819072746/http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm |archive-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Belleau Wood]] in 1918, the Marines and U.S. media reported that Germans had nicknamed them ''<!--Do not use a spell checker here-->Teufel Hunden,<!--Look at the hyperlink, before correcting the word, it is supposed to be misspelled--->'' meaning "[[Devil Dog]]s" for their reputation as [[shock troops]] and marksmen at ranges up to 900 meters; there is no evidence of this in German records (as ''Teufelshunde'' would be the proper German phrase). Nevertheless, the name stuck in U.S. Marine lore.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Life |title=Teufel-Hunden |year=1918 |first=John Ames |last=Mitchell |volume=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qahGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA759 |page=759 |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026212033/https://books.google.com/books?id=qahGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA759 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[Interwar period|Between the World Wars]], the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant [[John A. Lejeune]], and under his leadership, the Corps studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lieutenant Colonel [[Earl Hancock Ellis|Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis]], foresaw a war in the Pacific with [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises with the Army and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.<ref name="Ballendorf">{{Cite book | [[Interwar period|Between the World Wars]], the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant [[John A. Lejeune]], and under his leadership, the Corps studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lieutenant Colonel [[Earl Hancock Ellis|Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis]], foresaw a war in the Pacific with [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises with the Army and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.<ref name="Ballendorf">{{Cite book | ||