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Institute for Defense Analyses: Difference between revisions
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The demands on WSEG were more than its small staff of military and civilian analysts could satisfy, and by the early years of the [[Dwight Eisenhower]] administration, there were calls for change.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The several options gradually coalesced into one and, in 1955, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff asked [[James R. Killian, Jr.]], then president of MIT, to help form a civilian, nonprofit [[research institute]]. The Institute would operate under the auspices of a university consortium to attract highly qualified scientists to assist WSEG in addressing the nation's most challenging security problems. And so, in April 1956, IDA was incorporated as a [[non-profit organization]].<ref>The birth of IDA was due to the failure of WSEG to attract top talent or compete with the RAND Corporation, which had been established at the same time as RAND. IDA was designed to be able to pay its employees higher salaries and operate with greater independence than those on the federal payroll. See Paul E. Ceruzzi, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124164749 Internet Alley: High Technology in Tyson's Corner, 1945–2005]''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008, pp. 44–48. According to a report for Congress which summarizes the founding of IDA, "There was considerable concern in the early and mid-1950s that [WSEG] was not performing effectively, so the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) was created to act as a technical backstop to WSEG and to facilitate the recruitment of high-caliber scientific manpower." See U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. ''[http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf A History of the Department of Defense Federally Funded Research and Development Centers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045634/http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf |date=2014-04-29 }}'', OTA-BP-ISS-157. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1995, p. 26.</ref> In 1958, at the request of the Secretary of Defense, IDA established a division to support the newly created [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA), later renamed the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA). Shortly after its creation, the mandate of this division was broadened to include scientific and technical studies for all offices of the [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering|Director of Defense, Research and Engineering]] (DDR&E).<ref>By 1960 WSEG had established five working groups for the fields of cost accounting, mathematics, nucleonics, air defense, and ballistic missiles. See George E. Pugh, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/167231 Operations Research for the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff]," ''Operations Research'' (Nov/Dec. 1960, vol. 8, issue 6), p. 844.</ref> | The demands on WSEG were more than its small staff of military and civilian analysts could satisfy, and by the early years of the [[Dwight Eisenhower]] administration, there were calls for change.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The several options gradually coalesced into one and, in 1955, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff asked [[James R. Killian, Jr.]], then president of MIT, to help form a civilian, nonprofit [[research institute]]. The Institute would operate under the auspices of a university consortium to attract highly qualified scientists to assist WSEG in addressing the nation's most challenging security problems. And so, in April 1956, IDA was incorporated as a [[non-profit organization]].<ref>The birth of IDA was due to the failure of WSEG to attract top talent or compete with the RAND Corporation, which had been established at the same time as RAND. IDA was designed to be able to pay its employees higher salaries and operate with greater independence than those on the federal payroll. See Paul E. Ceruzzi, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124164749 Internet Alley: High Technology in Tyson's Corner, 1945–2005]''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008, pp. 44–48. According to a report for Congress which summarizes the founding of IDA, "There was considerable concern in the early and mid-1950s that [WSEG] was not performing effectively, so the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) was created to act as a technical backstop to WSEG and to facilitate the recruitment of high-caliber scientific manpower." See U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. ''[http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf A History of the Department of Defense Federally Funded Research and Development Centers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045634/http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf |date=2014-04-29 }}'', OTA-BP-ISS-157. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1995, p. 26.</ref> In 1958, at the request of the Secretary of Defense, IDA established a division to support the newly created [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA), later renamed the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA). Shortly after its creation, the mandate of this division was broadened to include scientific and technical studies for all offices of the [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering|Director of Defense, Research and Engineering]] (DDR&E).<ref>By 1960 WSEG had established five working groups for the fields of cost accounting, mathematics, nucleonics, air defense, and ballistic missiles. See George E. Pugh, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/167231 Operations Research for the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff]," ''Operations Research'' (Nov/Dec. 1960, vol. 8, issue 6), p. 844.</ref> | ||
Universities overseeing IDA expanded from the five initial members in 1956 — [[Caltech]], [[Case Western Reserve]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford]] and [[Tulane]] — to twelve by 1964 with the addition of California, Chicago, [[Columbia University|Columbia]], Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and [[Princeton University|Princeton]].<ref>IDA was created using a $500,000 grant from the Ford Foundation. See Paul Dickson, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3975940 Think Tanks]''. New York: Atheneum, 1971, p. 146.</ref> University oversight of IDA ended in 1968 in the aftermath of | Universities overseeing IDA expanded from the five initial members in 1956 — [[Caltech]], [[Case Western Reserve]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford]] and [[Tulane]] — to twelve by 1964 with the addition of California, Chicago, [[Columbia University|Columbia]], Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and [[Princeton University|Princeton]].<ref>IDA was created using a $500,000 grant from the Ford Foundation. See Paul Dickson, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3975940 Think Tanks]''. New York: Atheneum, 1971, p. 146.</ref> University oversight of IDA ended in 1968 in the aftermath of Vietnam War-related demonstrations at Princeton, [[Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia]], and other member universities.<ref>The book, ''Nothing Personal: The Vietnam War in Princeton, 1965–1975'' describes demonstrations against IDA taking place on the campus of Princeton University. See Lee Neuwirth, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428142825 Nothing Personal: The Vietnam War in Princeton, 1965–1975]''. Privately published by the author, 2009. Additional information appears in the article, "[https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.160.3829.744 IDA: University-Sponsored Center Hit Hard by Assaults on Campus]," by D.S. Greenberg. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. 160, No. 3829 (May 17, 1968), pp. 744–748.</ref> | ||
Subsequent divisions were established under what became IDA's largest research center, the Studies and Analyses Center (now the Systems and Analyses Center), to provide cost analyses, computer software and engineering, strategy and force assessments, and operational test and evaluation. IDA created the Simulation Center in the early 1990s to focus on advanced distributed simulation, and most recently, established the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program to develop new operational concepts.<ref>As of 1993, after creation of its simulation center, IDA reported that approximately two hundred research tasks were underway at any given time, three-quarters of which were evaluations of defense systems and assessments of advanced technologies. See James A. Smith, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21875734 Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite]''. Simon and Schuster, 1993, p. 292.</ref> | Subsequent divisions were established under what became IDA's largest research center, the Studies and Analyses Center (now the Systems and Analyses Center), to provide cost analyses, computer software and engineering, strategy and force assessments, and operational test and evaluation. IDA created the Simulation Center in the early 1990s to focus on advanced distributed simulation, and most recently, established the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program to develop new operational concepts.<ref>As of 1993, after creation of its simulation center, IDA reported that approximately two hundred research tasks were underway at any given time, three-quarters of which were evaluations of defense systems and assessments of advanced technologies. See James A. Smith, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21875734 Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite]''. Simon and Schuster, 1993, p. 292.</ref> | ||