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Richard Nixon: Difference between revisions
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'''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913{{spnd}}April 22, 1994) was the 37th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1969 until [[Resignation of Richard Nixon|his resignation]] in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a [[United States House of Representatives|representative]] and [[United States Senate|senator]] from [[California]] and as the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|His presidency]] saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the | '''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913{{spnd}}April 22, 1994) was the 37th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1969 until [[Resignation of Richard Nixon|his resignation]] in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a [[United States House of Representatives|representative]] and [[United States Senate|senator]] from [[California]] and as the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|His presidency]] saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, ''[[détente]]'' with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], the [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing, and the establishment of the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the [[Watergate scandal]]. | ||
Nixon was born into a poor family of [[Quakers]] in [[Yorba Linda]], [[Southern California]]. He graduated from [[Duke University School of Law|Duke Law School]] in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife [[Pat Nixon|Pat]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942 to work for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. After serving active duty in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1946]]. His work on the [[Alger Hiss]] case established his reputation as a leading [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]. In [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950]], he was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]], and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After his loss in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president [[Hubert Humphrey]]. | Nixon was born into a poor family of [[Quakers]] in [[Yorba Linda]], [[Southern California]]. He graduated from [[Duke University School of Law|Duke Law School]] in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife [[Pat Nixon|Pat]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942 to work for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. After serving active duty in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1946]]. His work on the [[Alger Hiss]] case established his reputation as a leading [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]. In [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950]], he was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]], and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After his loss in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president [[Hubert Humphrey]]. | ||
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[[File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg|thumb|Nixon campaigning for president in [[Paoli, Pennsylvania]], July 1968]] | [[File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg|thumb|Nixon campaigning for president in [[Paoli, Pennsylvania]], July 1968]] | ||
[[File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg|thumb|[[1968 United States presidential election|1968 electoral vote]] results; the popular vote split between Nixon and Democrat [[Hubert Humphrey]] was less than one percentage point.]] | [[File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg|thumb|[[1968 United States presidential election|1968 electoral vote]] results; the popular vote split between Nixon and Democrat [[Hubert Humphrey]] was less than one percentage point.]] | ||
At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life,{{sfn|Parmet|p=502}} being embarrassed, for example, by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech.{{sfn|Morris|pp=410–411}} She still managed to be supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the | At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life,{{sfn|Parmet|p=502}} being embarrassed, for example, by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech.{{sfn|Morris|pp=410–411}} She still managed to be supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War, a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960.{{sfn|Parmet|p=502}} | ||
An exceptionally tumultuous [[Partisan primary|primary election]] season began as the [[Tet Offensive]] was launched in January 1968. President Johnson [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|withdrew as a candidate]] in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. In June, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a Democratic candidate, [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|was assassinated]] just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan governor [[George W. Romney|George Romney]], though New York governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and California governor [[Ronald Reagan]] each hoped to be nominated in a [[brokered convention]]. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=503–508}} He was able to secure the nomination to the support of many Southern delegates, after he and his subordinates made concessions to [[Strom Thurmond]] and [[Harry S. Dent Sr.|Harry Dent]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Perlstein |date=2008 |title=Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America |url= |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |pages=295–303 |isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5}}</ref> He selected Maryland governor [[Spiro Agnew]] as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing both to Northern moderates and to Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.{{sfn|Parmet|p=509}} | An exceptionally tumultuous [[Partisan primary|primary election]] season began as the [[Tet Offensive]] was launched in January 1968. President Johnson [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|withdrew as a candidate]] in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. In June, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a Democratic candidate, [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|was assassinated]] just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan governor [[George W. Romney|George Romney]], though New York governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and California governor [[Ronald Reagan]] each hoped to be nominated in a [[brokered convention]]. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=503–508}} He was able to secure the nomination to the support of many Southern delegates, after he and his subordinates made concessions to [[Strom Thurmond]] and [[Harry S. Dent Sr.|Harry Dent]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Perlstein |date=2008 |title=Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America |url= |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |pages=295–303 |isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5}}</ref> He selected Maryland governor [[Spiro Agnew]] as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing both to Northern moderates and to Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.{{sfn|Parmet|p=509}} | ||