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Railway Labor Act: Difference between revisions
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[[United States Congress|Congress]] later passed the Arbitration Act of 1888, which authorized the creation of arbitration panels with the power to investigate the causes of labor disputes and to issue non-binding arbitration awards.<ref>United States. Arbitration Act of 1888, {{USStat|25|501}}. Approved 1888-10-01.</ref> The Act was a complete failure since only one panel was ever convened under the Act: in the case of the 1894 [[Pullman Strike]], it issued its report only after the strike had been ended by a [[United States federal courts|federal court]] [[injunction]], backed by federal troops. | [[United States Congress|Congress]] later passed the Arbitration Act of 1888, which authorized the creation of arbitration panels with the power to investigate the causes of labor disputes and to issue non-binding arbitration awards.<ref>United States. Arbitration Act of 1888, {{USStat|25|501}}. Approved 1888-10-01.</ref> The Act was a complete failure since only one panel was ever convened under the Act: in the case of the 1894 [[Pullman Strike]], it issued its report only after the strike had been ended by a [[United States federal courts|federal court]] [[injunction]], backed by federal troops. | ||
Congress attempted to correct the shortcomings in the [[Erdman Act]], enacted in 1898.<ref>Erdman Act of 1898, June 1, 1898, Ch. 370, {{USStat|30|424}}.</ref> The Erdman Act likewise provided for voluntary arbitration but made any award issued by the panel binding and enforceable in federal court. It also outlawed [[discrimination]] against employees for [[trade union|union]] activities, prohibited "[[yellow-dog contract|yellow dog contracts]]" (in which an employee agreed not to join a union during employment), and required both sides to maintain the status quo during any arbitration proceedings and for three months after an award was issued. The arbitration procedures were rarely used. A successor statute, the [[Newlands Labor Act]] of 1913, which created the Board of Mediation, proved to be more effective.<ref>Newlands Act, July 15, 1913, ch. 6, {{USStat|38|103}}.</ref> It was largely superseded when the federal government [[nationalization|nationalized]] the railroads in 1917, after the US entered | Congress attempted to correct the shortcomings in the [[Erdman Act]], enacted in 1898.<ref>Erdman Act of 1898, June 1, 1898, Ch. 370, {{USStat|30|424}}.</ref> The Erdman Act likewise provided for voluntary arbitration but made any award issued by the panel binding and enforceable in federal court. It also outlawed [[discrimination]] against employees for [[trade union|union]] activities, prohibited "[[yellow-dog contract|yellow dog contracts]]" (in which an employee agreed not to join a union during employment), and required both sides to maintain the status quo during any arbitration proceedings and for three months after an award was issued. The arbitration procedures were rarely used. A successor statute, the [[Newlands Labor Act]] of 1913, which created the Board of Mediation, proved to be more effective.<ref>Newlands Act, July 15, 1913, ch. 6, {{USStat|38|103}}.</ref> It was largely superseded when the federal government [[nationalization|nationalized]] the railroads in 1917, after the US entered World War I. (See [[United States Railroad Administration]].) | ||
The [[Adamson Act]], enacted in 1916, provided workers with an eight-hour day at the same daily wage they had received previously for a ten-hour day, and it required time-and-a-half pay for overtime work.<ref>Adamson Act, Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, {{USStat|39|721}}. {{USC|45|65}} et seq.</ref> Another law enacted that year, amid increasing concerns about the war in Europe, gave US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] the power to "take possession of and assume control of any system of transportation" for transportation of troops and war material.<ref>Army Appropriation Act, {{USStat|39|45}}, August 29, 1916.</ref> | The [[Adamson Act]], enacted in 1916, provided workers with an eight-hour day at the same daily wage they had received previously for a ten-hour day, and it required time-and-a-half pay for overtime work.<ref>Adamson Act, Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, {{USStat|39|721}}. {{USC|45|65}} et seq.</ref> Another law enacted that year, amid increasing concerns about the war in Europe, gave US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] the power to "take possession of and assume control of any system of transportation" for transportation of troops and war material.<ref>Army Appropriation Act, {{USStat|39|45}}, August 29, 1916.</ref> | ||