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Marine Corps: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Portrait of First Leader of Marines, Maj. Samuel Nicholas.jpg|thumb|upright|Maj. [[Samuel Nicholas]], first Commandant of the Marine Corps, was nominated to lead the Continental Marines by [[John Adams]] in November 1775.]] | [[File:Portrait of First Leader of Marines, Maj. Samuel Nicholas.jpg|thumb|upright|Maj. [[Samuel Nicholas]], first Commandant of the Marine Corps, was nominated to lead the Continental Marines by [[John Adams]] in November 1775.]] | ||
The United States Marine Corps traces its roots to the [[Continental Marines]] of the | The United States Marine Corps traces its roots to the [[Continental Marines]] of the American Revolutionary War, formed by Captain [[Samuel Nicholas]] by a resolution of the [[Second Continental Congress]] on 10 November 1775, to raise two [[battalion]]s of marines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marine Corps University > Research > Marine Corps History Division > People > Who's Who in Marine Corps History > Mackie - Ozbourn > Major Samuel Nicholas |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/People/Whos-Who-in-Marine-Corps-History/Mackie-Ozbourn/Major-Samuel-Nicholas/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.usmcu.edu}}</ref> This date is celebrated as the [[United States Marine Corps birthday|birthday of the Marine Corps]]. Nicholas was nominated to lead the Marines by [[John Adams]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Upton|first1=Stewart|date=6 November 2014|title=First Marine Corps Leader All About Institution, Not Self|url=https://www.imef.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/554000/first-marine-corps-leader-all-about-institution-not-self/|access-date=29 July 2020|website=www.imef.marines.mil|publisher=U.S. Marine Corps|quote=During this time of the late 1760s and into the 1770s leading up to the War for our Independence … Samuel Nicholas would spend time aboard super-cargo merchant ships traveling to and from China. At the time of his nomination by (future U.S. President) John Adams to lead the Continental Marines in Nov. of 1775, he would have been well known in the community of Philadelphia for his maritime knowledge and experience.|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025112036/https://www.imef.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/554000/first-marine-corps-leader-all-about-institution-not-self/|url-status=live}}</ref> By December 1775, Nicholas raised one battalion of 300 men by recruitment in his home city of Philadelphia.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Marine Corps Birthday and Veterans Day – A Message from the NPS President |url=https://nps.edu/-/u.s.-marine-corps-birthday-and-veterans-day-a-message-from-the-nps-president |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=nps.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
In January 1776, the Marines went to sea under the command of Commodore [[Esek Hopkins]] and in March undertook their first amphibious landing, the [[Raid of Nassau|Battle of Nassau]] in the Bahamas, occupying the British port of Nassau for two weeks.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Marines at the Battle of Princeton |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton |website=The American Battlefield Trust |date=30 January 2017 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030644/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 January 1777, the Marines arrived at the [[Battle of Princeton]] attached to General [[John Cadwalader (general)|John Cadwalader]]'s brigade, where they had been assigned by General [[George Washington]]; by December 1776, Washington was retreating through New Jersey and, needing veteran soldiers, ordered Nicholas and the Marines to attach themselves to the [[Continental Army]]. The [[Battle of Princeton]], where the Marines along with Cadwalader's brigade were personally rallied by Washington, was the first land combat engagement of the Marines; an estimated 130 marines were present at the battle.<ref name="auto"/> | In January 1776, the Marines went to sea under the command of Commodore [[Esek Hopkins]] and in March undertook their first amphibious landing, the [[Raid of Nassau|Battle of Nassau]] in the Bahamas, occupying the British port of Nassau for two weeks.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Marines at the Battle of Princeton |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton |website=The American Battlefield Trust |date=30 January 2017 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030644/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/marines-battle-princeton |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 January 1777, the Marines arrived at the [[Battle of Princeton]] attached to General [[John Cadwalader (general)|John Cadwalader]]'s brigade, where they had been assigned by General [[George Washington]]; by December 1776, Washington was retreating through New Jersey and, needing veteran soldiers, ordered Nicholas and the Marines to attach themselves to the [[Continental Army]]. The [[Battle of Princeton]], where the Marines along with Cadwalader's brigade were personally rallied by Washington, was the first land combat engagement of the Marines; an estimated 130 marines were present at the battle.<ref name="auto"/> | ||
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{{main|Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps|}} | {{main|Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps|}} | ||
[[File:Howard P. Perry, the first African-American US Marine Corps recruit.tiff|thumb|Howard P. Perry, the first black recruit in the U.S. Marine Corps, 1942.]] | [[File:Howard P. Perry, the first African-American US Marine Corps recruit.tiff|thumb|Howard P. Perry, the first black recruit in the U.S. Marine Corps, 1942.]] | ||
In 1776 and 1777, a dozen [[African American]] marines served in the | In 1776 and 1777, a dozen [[African American]] marines served in the American Revolutionary War, but from 1798 to 1942, the Marine Corps followed a racially discriminatory policy of denying African Americans the opportunity to serve.<ref name="ShawDonnelly">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAaMOuliPT4C|title=Blacks in the Marine Corps |last1=Shaw |first1=Henry I. Jr. |last2=Donnelly |first2=Ralph W. |publisher=History and Museums Division, Headquarters USMC |location=Washington, DC |year=1975|accessdate=19 May 2022}}</ref> The Marine Corps was the last of the services to recruit African Americans, and its own history page acknowledges that it was a presidential order that "forced the Corps, despite objections from its leadership, to begin recruiting African American Marines in 1942.<ref>Military.com [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/08/03/marines-will-finally-have-their-first-black-four-star-general.html "Marines Will Finally Have Their First Black Four-Star General]", 3 August 2022</ref> It accepted them as recruits into segregated all-black units.{{r|ShawDonnelly}} For the next few decades, the incorporation of black troops was not widely accepted within the Corps, nor was [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregation]] smoothly or quickly achieved. The integration of African American Marines proceeded in stages from segregated battalions in 1942, to unified training in 1949, and finally full integration in 1960.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Ebony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qA975ldsm4C&pg=PA58 |pages=55–58 |last=Morris |first=Steven |title=How Blacks Upset The Marine Corps: 'New Breed' Leathernecks are Tackling Racist Vestiges |date=December 1969 |volume=25 |number=2 |issn=0012-9011 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company}}</ref> | ||
The Marine Corps today is a fully integrated force, with Marines of all racial and ethnic backgrounds serving together. | The Marine Corps today is a fully integrated force, with Marines of all racial and ethnic backgrounds serving together. | ||