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Army: Difference between revisions
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{{United States Armed Forces sidebar}} | {{United States Armed Forces sidebar}} | ||
The '''United States Army''' ('''USA''') is the [[Land warfare|land service]] branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. It is one of the eight [[Uniformed services of the United States|U.S. uniformed services]], and is designated as the Army of the [[United States]] in the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref name=Constitution>Article II, section 2, clause 1 of the [[United States Constitution]] (1789). <br />See also [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title10/html/USCODE-2010-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap301-sec3001.htm Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001].</ref> The Army is the oldest branch of the U.S. military and the most senior in order of precedence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Directive 1005.8 |date=31 October 1977|quotation=Subject: "Order of Precedence of Members of Armed Forces of the United States When in Formation" (Paragraph 3. PRESCRIBED PROCEDURE) |url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/dodandmilitaryejournals/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d10058x.htm|website=Permanent.access.gpo.gov|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> It has its roots in the [[Continental Army]], which was formed on 14 June 1775 to fight against the British for independence during the | The '''United States Army''' ('''USA''') is the [[Land warfare|land service]] branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. It is one of the eight [[Uniformed services of the United States|U.S. uniformed services]], and is designated as the Army of the [[United States]] in the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref name=Constitution>Article II, section 2, clause 1 of the [[United States Constitution]] (1789). <br />See also [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title10/html/USCODE-2010-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap301-sec3001.htm Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001].</ref> The Army is the oldest branch of the U.S. military and the most senior in order of precedence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Directive 1005.8 |date=31 October 1977|quotation=Subject: "Order of Precedence of Members of Armed Forces of the United States When in Formation" (Paragraph 3. PRESCRIBED PROCEDURE) |url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/dodandmilitaryejournals/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d10058x.htm|website=Permanent.access.gpo.gov|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> It has its roots in the [[Continental Army]], which was formed on 14 June 1775 to fight against the British for independence during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).<ref name="Army_birth"/> After the Revolutionary War, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army.<ref name="Army_LOC">Library of Congress, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=027/lljc027.db&recNum=166&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A@field%28DOCID%2B@lit%28jc0271%29%29%230270001&linkText=1 Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 27]</ref><ref name=Army_History>{{cite web |date=15 November 2004 |title=Army Birthdays |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |access-date=3 June 2010<!--based on date of introduction; see oldid=365887842--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420124819/http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> The United States Army considers itself a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.<ref name="Army_birth">{{cite web |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |title=14 June: The Birthday of the U.S. Army |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001214256/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |url-status=dead}} an excerpt from Robert Wright, ''The Continental Army''</ref> | ||
The U.S. Army is a [[uniformed services of the United States|uniformed service of the United States]] and is part of the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], which is one of the three military departments of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the [[United States Secretary of the Army|secretary of the Army]] (SECARMY), and by a chief [[military officer]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|chief of staff of the Army]] (CSA) who is also a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. It is the largest military branch, and in the [[Fiscal year#United States|fiscal year]] 2022, the projected end strength for the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] (USA) was 480,893 soldiers; the [[Army National Guard]] (ARNG) had 336,129 soldiers and the [[United States Army Reserve|U.S. Army Reserve]] (USAR) had 188,703 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,005,725 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cancian |first=Mark F. |date=2021-10-21 |title=U.S. Military Forces in FY 2022: Army |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-military-forces-fy-2022-army |journal=CSIS |language=en}}</ref> As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of [[combatant commander]]s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/info/organization/|title=The United States Army – Organization|work= army.mil|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States of America. | The U.S. Army is a [[uniformed services of the United States|uniformed service of the United States]] and is part of the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], which is one of the three military departments of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the [[United States Secretary of the Army|secretary of the Army]] (SECARMY), and by a chief [[military officer]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|chief of staff of the Army]] (CSA) who is also a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. It is the largest military branch, and in the [[Fiscal year#United States|fiscal year]] 2022, the projected end strength for the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] (USA) was 480,893 soldiers; the [[Army National Guard]] (ARNG) had 336,129 soldiers and the [[United States Army Reserve|U.S. Army Reserve]] (USAR) had 188,703 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,005,725 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cancian |first=Mark F. |date=2021-10-21 |title=U.S. Military Forces in FY 2022: Army |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-military-forces-fy-2022-army |journal=CSIS |language=en}}</ref> As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of [[combatant commander]]s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/info/organization/|title=The United States Army – Organization|work= army.mil|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States of America. | ||
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The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the [[Second Continental Congress]]<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00235)): Cont'l Cong., Formation of the Continental Army, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 89–90 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref> as a unified army for the colonies to fight [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], with [[George Washington]] appointed as its commander.<ref name="Army_birth"/><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00238)): Cont'l Cong., Commission for General Washington, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 96–7 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00240)): Cont'l Cong., Instructions for General Washington, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 100–1 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00580)): Cont'l Cong., Resolution Changing "United Colonies" to "United States", in 5 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 747 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref> The army was initially led by men who had served in the [[British Army]] or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, [[Early Modern France|French]] aid, resources, and military thinking helped shape the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], who taught [[Prussian Army]] tactics and organizational skills. | The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the [[Second Continental Congress]]<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00235)): Cont'l Cong., Formation of the Continental Army, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 89–90 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref> as a unified army for the colonies to fight [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], with [[George Washington]] appointed as its commander.<ref name="Army_birth"/><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00238)): Cont'l Cong., Commission for General Washington, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 96–7 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00240)): Cont'l Cong., Instructions for General Washington, in 2 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 100–1 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00580)): Cont'l Cong., Resolution Changing "United Colonies" to "United States", in 5 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'' 747 (Library of Cong. eds., 1905)].</ref> The army was initially led by men who had served in the [[British Army]] or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, [[Early Modern France|French]] aid, resources, and military thinking helped shape the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], who taught [[Prussian Army]] tactics and organizational skills. | ||
[[File:Bataille Yorktown.jpg|thumb|left|The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the [[Siege of Yorktown]] during the | [[File:Bataille Yorktown.jpg|thumb|left|The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the [[Siege of Yorktown]] during the American Revolutionary War, as depicted in a [[watercolor painting]] by [[H. Charles McBarron Jr.]] (1902-1992) prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state.]] | ||
The Army fought numerous pitched battles, and sometimes used [[Fabian strategy]] and [[hit-and-run tactics]] in the South in 1780 and 1781; under Major General [[Nathanael Greene]], it hit where the British were weakest to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]] and [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], but lost a series of battles in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]] in 1776 and the [[Philadelphia campaign]] in 1777. With a decisive victory at [[siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. | The Army fought numerous pitched battles, and sometimes used [[Fabian strategy]] and [[hit-and-run tactics]] in the South in 1780 and 1781; under Major General [[Nathanael Greene]], it hit where the British were weakest to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]] and [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], but lost a series of battles in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]] in 1776 and the [[Philadelphia campaign]] in 1777. With a decisive victory at [[siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. | ||