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Vermont: Difference between revisions
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'''Vermont''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Vermont.ogg|v|ər|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|t}})<ref>{{OED|Vermont}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. It borders [[Massachusetts]] to the south, [[New Hampshire]] to the east, [[New York (state)|New York]] to the west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Quebec]] to the north. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]], the state had a population of 643,503,<ref name="census2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Census Apportionment Results |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210008/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> ranking it the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|second least populated U.S. state]]. It is the nation's [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|sixth smallest state in area]]. The state's capital of [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]] is the least populous [[List of capitals in the United States|U.S. state capital]]. No other U.S. state has a [[List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population|most populous city]] with fewer residents than [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]. | '''Vermont''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Vermont.ogg|v|ər|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|t}})<ref>{{OED|Vermont}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. It borders [[Massachusetts]] to the south, [[New Hampshire]] to the east, [[New York (state)|New York]] to the west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Quebec]] to the north. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]], the state had a population of 643,503,<ref name="census2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Census Apportionment Results |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210008/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> ranking it the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|second least populated U.S. state]]. It is the nation's [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|sixth smallest state in area]]. The state's capital of [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]] is the least populous [[List of capitals in the United States|U.S. state capital]]. No other U.S. state has a [[List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population|most populous city]] with fewer residents than [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]. | ||
[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have inhabited the area for about 12,000 years. The competitive tribes of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking [[Abenaki]] and [[Iroquoian]]-speaking [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] were active in the area at the time of European encounter. During the 17th century, French colonists claimed the territory as part of [[New France]]. Conflict arose when the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast; France was defeated in 1763 in the [[Seven Years' War]], ceding its territory east of the [[Mississippi River]] to Britain. Thereafter, the nearby British [[Thirteen Colonies]] disputed the extent of the area called the [[New Hampshire Grants]] to the west of the [[Connecticut River]], encompassing present-day Vermont. The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The [[Green Mountain Boys]] militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers. Ultimately, a group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the [[Vermont Republic]] in 1777 as an independent state during the | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have inhabited the area for about 12,000 years. The competitive tribes of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking [[Abenaki]] and [[Iroquoian]]-speaking [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] were active in the area at the time of European encounter. During the 17th century, French colonists claimed the territory as part of [[New France]]. Conflict arose when the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast; France was defeated in 1763 in the [[Seven Years' War]], ceding its territory east of the [[Mississippi River]] to Britain. Thereafter, the nearby British [[Thirteen Colonies]] disputed the extent of the area called the [[New Hampshire Grants]] to the west of the [[Connecticut River]], encompassing present-day Vermont. The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The [[Green Mountain Boys]] militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers. Ultimately, a group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the [[Vermont Republic]] in 1777 as an independent state during the American Revolutionary War. The Vermont Republic [[History of slavery in Vermont|abolished slavery]] before any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vermont Constitution of 1777|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx|publisher=State of Vermont|access-date=April 12, 2019|location=Chapter I, Section I|quote=Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110403/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first=Lee Ann| last=Cox| title=Patchwork Freedom| url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom| publisher=University of Vermont| date=January 29, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702152853/https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom| archive-date=July 2, 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref> It was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] in 1791 as the 14th state. | ||
The geography of the state is marked by the [[Green Mountains]], which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating [[Lake Champlain]] and other valley terrain on the west from the [[Connecticut River Valley]] that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with hardwoods and [[conifers]]. The state has warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. | The geography of the state is marked by the [[Green Mountains]], which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating [[Lake Champlain]] and other valley terrain on the west from the [[Connecticut River Valley]] that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with hardwoods and [[conifers]]. The state has warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. | ||
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Settlers came from across New England, and were obliged to "Plant and Cultivate Five Acres of Land" within five years.<ref name="start-town">{{cite web |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/starting-a-town |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |title=Starting a Town|access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> Some settlers kept to the agreement and started farms. Others, like [[Ethan Allen]], did not. They wanted to sell the land for profit.<ref name="Colin Gordon Calloway-2006" /> Those who purchased New Hampshire Grants ran into disagreements with New York, which began selling off the same land as [[land patent]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New York Patents |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/the-new-york-patents |access-date=March 21, 2023 |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |language=en}}</ref> | Settlers came from across New England, and were obliged to "Plant and Cultivate Five Acres of Land" within five years.<ref name="start-town">{{cite web |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/starting-a-town |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |title=Starting a Town|access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> Some settlers kept to the agreement and started farms. Others, like [[Ethan Allen]], did not. They wanted to sell the land for profit.<ref name="Colin Gordon Calloway-2006" /> Those who purchased New Hampshire Grants ran into disagreements with New York, which began selling off the same land as [[land patent]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New York Patents |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/the-new-york-patents |access-date=March 21, 2023 |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 1764, [[King George III]] proclaimed the territory to be under the jurisdiction of New York, which meant that the New Hampshire Grant landowners did not have legal title.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society |title=The Green Mountain Insurgency|date=Fall 1996 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=217 |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GreenMountainInsurgency2.pdf |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, New York continued selling large tracts of land, many of which overlapped with those already inhabited.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Hampshire Grants |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Hampshire-Grants |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=March 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The dispute led to [[Ethan Allen]] forming the [[Green Mountain Boys]], an illicit militia that attacked New York settlers and speculators through arson and mob violence.<ref name="Rife-1929">{{Cite journal |last=Rife |first=Clarence W. |date=1929 |title=Ethan Allen, an Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/359168 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=561–584 |doi=10.2307/359168 |jstor=359168 |issn=0028-4866}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom & Unity: The Green Mountain Boys |url=https://vermonthistory.org/freedom-unity-green-mountain-boys/ |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Mountain Boys {{!}} United States history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Mountain-Boys |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> They eventually repelled the New Yorkers, and went on, with [[Benedict Arnold]], to fight in the | In 1764, [[King George III]] proclaimed the territory to be under the jurisdiction of New York, which meant that the New Hampshire Grant landowners did not have legal title.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society |title=The Green Mountain Insurgency|date=Fall 1996 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=217 |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GreenMountainInsurgency2.pdf |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, New York continued selling large tracts of land, many of which overlapped with those already inhabited.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Hampshire Grants |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Hampshire-Grants |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=March 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The dispute led to [[Ethan Allen]] forming the [[Green Mountain Boys]], an illicit militia that attacked New York settlers and speculators through arson and mob violence.<ref name="Rife-1929">{{Cite journal |last=Rife |first=Clarence W. |date=1929 |title=Ethan Allen, an Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/359168 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=561–584 |doi=10.2307/359168 |jstor=359168 |issn=0028-4866}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom & Unity: The Green Mountain Boys |url=https://vermonthistory.org/freedom-unity-green-mountain-boys/ |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Mountain Boys {{!}} United States history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Mountain-Boys |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> They eventually repelled the New Yorkers, and went on, with [[Benedict Arnold]], to fight in the American Revolutionary War, where they captured [[Fort Ticonderoga]] from the British. | ||
===Sovereignty=== | ===Sovereignty=== | ||