United States Coast and Geodetic Survey: Difference between revisions

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Text replacement - "World War I" to "World War I"

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@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 [[File:Roy Bixby Palo Colorado Canyon 1932.jpg|thumb|A Coast and Geodetic Survey [[pack train]], part of a survey team, in [[Sequoioideae|redwoods]] in [[Palo Colorado Canyon, California|Palo Colorado Canyon]] in [[California]] in&nbsp;1932.]]
-Although some personnel aboard Coast and Geodetic Survey ships wore uniforms virtually identical to those of the U.S. Navy, the Survey operated as a completely civilian organization from 1900 until after the United States entered [[World War I]] in April 1917. To avoid the dangerous situation Coast Survey personnel had faced during the American Civil War, when they could have been executed as spies if captured by the enemy, a new '''Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps''' was created on May 22, 1917, as one of the [[uniformed services of the United States]], giving the Survey{{'}}s officers a [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] status that protected them from treatment as spies if captured, as well as providing the [[United States Armed Forces|United States armed forces]] with a ready source of officers skilled in surveying that could be rapidly assimilated for wartime support of the armed forces.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" />
+Although some personnel aboard Coast and Geodetic Survey ships wore uniforms virtually identical to those of the U.S. Navy, the Survey operated as a completely civilian organization from 1900 until after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. To avoid the dangerous situation Coast Survey personnel had faced during the American Civil War, when they could have been executed as spies if captured by the enemy, a new '''Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps''' was created on May 22, 1917, as one of the [[uniformed services of the United States]], giving the Survey{{'}}s officers a [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] status that protected them from treatment as spies if captured, as well as providing the [[United States Armed Forces|United States armed forces]] with a ready source of officers skilled in surveying that could be rapidly assimilated for wartime support of the armed forces.<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs" />
 Over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officers served in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps during World War I, and Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel were active as artillery orienteering officers, as [[Minelayer|minelaying]] officers in the [[North Sea]] (where they supported the laying of the [[North Sea Mine Barrage]]), as [[Troopship|troop transport]] navigators, as [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] officers, and as officers on the staff of U.S. Army [[General (United States)|General]] [[John J. Pershing|John "Black Jack" Pershing]],<ref name="noaahistoryuscgs"/> commander of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].
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 The Survey of the Coast{{'}}s first ship, the schooner ''Jersey'', was acquired for it in 1834 by the U.S. Department of the Navy. By purchasing commercial vessels, through transfers from the U.S. Navy and U.S. Revenue-Marine (renamed the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service in 1894), and later through construction of ships built specifically for the Survey, the Coast Survey and later the Coast and Geodetic Survey operated a fleet of ships until the formation of NOAA in October 1970.
-During the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican War]] (1846–1848), the [[brig]] {{USRC|Washington|1837|6}}, a [[revenue cutter]] on loan from the U.S. Revenue-Marine, became the first Coast Survey ship to see U.S. Navy service. During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the [[Spanish–American War]] (1898), [[World War I]] (1917–1918), and World War II (1941–1945), some of the Survey{{'}}s ships served in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Revenue-Marine, U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, or [[United States Coast Guard]], while others supported the war effort while remaining part of the Survey{{'}}s fleet.
+During the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican War]] (1846–1848), the [[brig]] {{USRC|Washington|1837|6}}, a [[revenue cutter]] on loan from the U.S. Revenue-Marine, became the first Coast Survey ship to see U.S. Navy service. During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the [[Spanish–American War]] (1898), World War I (1917–1918), and World War II (1941–1945), some of the Survey{{'}}s ships served in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Revenue-Marine, U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, or [[United States Coast Guard]], while others supported the war effort while remaining part of the Survey{{'}}s fleet.
 The Coast and Geodetic Survey applied the abbreviation "USC&GS" as a prefix to the names of its ships, analogous to the "[[United States Ship|USS]]" abbreviation employed by the U.S. Navy. In the 20th century, the Coast and Geodetic Survey also instituted a [[hull classification symbol]] system similar to the one that the U.S. Navy began using in 1920. Each ship was classified as an "ocean survey ship" (OSS), "medium survey ship" (MSS), "coastal survey ship" (CSS), or "auxiliary survey vessel" (ASV), and assigned a unique hull number, the abbreviation for its type and its unique hull number combining to form its individual hull code. For example, the ocean survey ship ''Oceanographer'' that served from 1930 to 1942 was [[USS Oceanographer (AGS-3)|USC&GS ''Oceanographer'' (OSS 26)]], while the ''Oceanographer'' that served from 1966 to 1970 was [[NOAAS Oceanographer (R 101)|USC&GS ''Oceanographer'' (OSS 01)]].