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DARPA: Difference between revisions
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}}The '''Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency''' ('''DARPA''') is a [[research and development]] agency of the [[United States Department of Defense]] responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Michael Aaron |date=December 23, 2022 |title=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency {{!}} United States government |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |title=About DARPA |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally known as the '''Advanced Research Projects Agency''' ('''ARPA'''), the agency was created on February 7, 1958, by President | }}The '''Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency''' ('''DARPA''') is a [[research and development]] agency of the [[United States Department of Defense]] responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Michael Aaron |date=December 23, 2022 |title=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency {{!}} United States government |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |title=About DARPA |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally known as the '''Advanced Research Projects Agency''' ('''ARPA'''), the agency was created on February 7, 1958, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] launching of [[Sputnik 1]] in 1957. By collaborating with academia, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate [[U.S. military]] requirements.<ref name="Commission2008">Dwight D. Eisenhower and Science & Technology, (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027163454/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/onepage/IKE%20%26%20Science.Oct08.EN.FINAL%20%28v2%29.pdf Source].</ref> The name of the organization first changed from its founding name, ARPA, to DARPA, in March 1972, changing back to ARPA in February 1993, then reverted to DARPA in March 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mil-embedded.com/guest-blogs/arpa-darpa-and-jason/|title=ARPA, DARPA, and Jason |publisher=Military Embedded Systems |language=en |access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | ||
''[[The Economist]]'' has called DARPA "the agency that shaped the modern world," with technologies like "[[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine]] ... [[weather satellite]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], [[stealth technology]], [[Voice user interface|voice interfaces]], the [[personal computer]] and the [[internet]] on the list of innovations for which DARPA can claim at least partial credit."<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |title=A growing number of governments hope to clone America's DARPA |newspaper=The Economist |date=5 June 2021 |volume=439 |issue=9248 |pages=67–68 |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/06/03/a-growing-number-of-governments-hope-to-clone-americas-darpa |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Its track record of success has inspired governments around the world to launch similar research and development agencies.<ref name="Economist" /> | ''[[The Economist]]'' has called DARPA "the agency that shaped the modern world," with technologies like "[[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine]] ... [[weather satellite]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], [[stealth technology]], [[Voice user interface|voice interfaces]], the [[personal computer]] and the [[internet]] on the list of innovations for which DARPA can claim at least partial credit."<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |title=A growing number of governments hope to clone America's DARPA |newspaper=The Economist |date=5 June 2021 |volume=439 |issue=9248 |pages=67–68 |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/06/03/a-growing-number-of-governments-hope-to-clone-americas-darpa |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Its track record of success has inspired governments around the world to launch similar research and development agencies.<ref name="Economist" /> | ||
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===Early history (1958–1969)=== | ===Early history (1958–1969)=== | ||
[[File:DARPA headquarters.jpg|thumb|DARPA's former headquarters in the [[Virginia Square, Virginia|Virginia Square]] neighborhood of [[Arlington County, Virginia]]. The agency is currently located in a new building at 675 North Randolph St.]]The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was suggested by the [[President's Scientific Advisory Committee]] to President | [[File:DARPA headquarters.jpg|thumb|DARPA's former headquarters in the [[Virginia Square, Virginia|Virginia Square]] neighborhood of [[Arlington County, Virginia]]. The agency is currently located in a new building at 675 North Randolph St.]]The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was suggested by the [[President's Scientific Advisory Committee]] to President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a meeting called after the launch of Sputnik.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bethe |first1=Hans |title=Interview with Hans Bethe |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/oral-histories/oral-history-transcripts/bethe-hans.pdf |website=Eisenhower Library |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> ARPA was formally authorized by President Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements.<ref name="Commission2008"/> The two relevant acts are the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization ([[United States Department of the Air Force|Air Force]])<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-IPAAAAIAAJ |title = Fiscal Year 1958 Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force): Hearings, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 9739 |date=1958|last1 = Subcommittee On Military Construction |first1 = United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services }}</ref> (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. It was placed within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and counted approximately 150 people.<ref>{{cite mailing list| url=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/irtf-discuss/I7gRirVOb4QX2sgBUDvcDfCJHUY/| author=Steve Crocker| date=15 March 2022| title=[Internet Policy] Why the World Must Resist Calls to Undermine the Internet| mailing-list=IETF-Discussion| quote=I was at (D)ARPA from mid 1971 to mid 1974}}</ref> Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of [[Sputnik]] and to U.S. realization that the [[Soviet Union]] had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million.<ref name = Wizards20 >"$ 520 million appropriation and a $ 2 billion budget plan." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 20). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA.<ref name = Wizards21 >"Roy Johnson, ARPA's first director, was, like his boss, a businessman. At age fifty-two, he had been personally recruited by McElroy, who convinced him to leave a $160,000 job with General Electric and take an $18,000 job in Washington." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> [[Herbert York]] from [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] was hired as his scientific assistant.<ref name = Wizards21a >"Herbert York, whom Killian had been keen on, was given the job and moved to ARPA from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> | ||
Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when [[NASA]] was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.<ref name = Wizards21,22 >"The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961 and was succeeded by [[Jack Ruina]] who served until 1963.<ref name = Wizards23,24 >"In early 1961 ARPA's second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.<ref name = Wizards23 >"Ruina raised ARPA's annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> It was Ruina who hired [[J. C. R. Licklider]] as the first administrator of the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]], which played a vital role in creation of [[ARPANET]], the basis for the future Internet.<ref name = Wizards27-39 >"J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> | Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when [[NASA]] was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.<ref name = Wizards21,22 >"The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961 and was succeeded by [[Jack Ruina]] who served until 1963.<ref name = Wizards23,24 >"In early 1961 ARPA's second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.<ref name = Wizards23 >"Ruina raised ARPA's annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> It was Ruina who hired [[J. C. R. Licklider]] as the first administrator of the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]], which played a vital role in creation of [[ARPANET]], the basis for the future Internet.<ref name = Wizards27-39 >"J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> | ||