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Louisiana: Difference between revisions
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Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from [[sediment]] washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of [[Tidal marsh|coastal marsh]] and [[swamp]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|date=August 3, 2015|title=Louisiana (LA) State Information|url=http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|access-date=December 23, 2020|website=The Time Now|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813212515/http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|url-status=live}}</ref> These contain a rich southern [[biota (ecology)|biota]], including birds such as [[ibis]]es and [[egret]]s, many species of [[tree frog]]s—such as the state-recognized [[American green tree frog]]—and fish such as [[sturgeon]] and [[paddlefish]]. More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such as [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|tallgrass prairie]], [[longleaf pine]] forest and wet [[savanna]]s; these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial [[Orchidaceae|orchid]]s and [[carnivorous plant]]s. Over half the state is forested. | Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from [[sediment]] washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of [[Tidal marsh|coastal marsh]] and [[swamp]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|date=August 3, 2015|title=Louisiana (LA) State Information|url=http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|access-date=December 23, 2020|website=The Time Now|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813212515/http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|url-status=live}}</ref> These contain a rich southern [[biota (ecology)|biota]], including birds such as [[ibis]]es and [[egret]]s, many species of [[tree frog]]s—such as the state-recognized [[American green tree frog]]—and fish such as [[sturgeon]] and [[paddlefish]]. More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such as [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|tallgrass prairie]], [[longleaf pine]] forest and wet [[savanna]]s; these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial [[Orchidaceae|orchid]]s and [[carnivorous plant]]s. Over half the state is forested. | ||
Louisiana is situated at the confluence of the [[Mississippi River System|Mississippi river system]] and the Gulf of Mexico. Its location and biodiversity attracted various indigenous groups thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the 17th century. Louisiana has eighteen Native American tribes—the most of any southern state—of which four are federally recognized and ten are state-recognized.<ref>[http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/nativeams.html "Louisiana Indians in the 21st Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071934/http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/nativeams.html|date=December 23, 2017}}, Louisiana Folklife Program, 2013</ref> The French claimed the territory in 1682, and it became the political, commercial, and population center of the larger colony of [[New France]]. From 1762 to 1801 [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Louisiana]] was under Spanish rule, briefly returning to French rule before being [[Louisiana Purchase|sold]] by [[Napoleon]] to the U.S. in 1803. It was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] in 1812 as the 18th state. Following statehood, Louisiana saw an influx of settlers from the eastern U.S. as well as immigrants from the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. It experienced an agricultural boom, particularly in cotton and sugarcane, which were cultivated primarily by slaves from Africa. As a slave state, Louisiana was one of the original seven members of the [[Confederate States of America]] during the | Louisiana is situated at the confluence of the [[Mississippi River System|Mississippi river system]] and the Gulf of Mexico. Its location and biodiversity attracted various indigenous groups thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the 17th century. Louisiana has eighteen Native American tribes—the most of any southern state—of which four are federally recognized and ten are state-recognized.<ref>[http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/nativeams.html "Louisiana Indians in the 21st Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071934/http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/nativeams.html|date=December 23, 2017}}, Louisiana Folklife Program, 2013</ref> The French claimed the territory in 1682, and it became the political, commercial, and population center of the larger colony of [[New France]]. From 1762 to 1801 [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Louisiana]] was under Spanish rule, briefly returning to French rule before being [[Louisiana Purchase|sold]] by [[Napoleon]] to the U.S. in 1803. It was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] in 1812 as the 18th state. Following statehood, Louisiana saw an influx of settlers from the eastern U.S. as well as immigrants from the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. It experienced an agricultural boom, particularly in cotton and sugarcane, which were cultivated primarily by slaves from Africa. As a slave state, Louisiana was one of the original seven members of the [[Confederate States of America]] during the American Civil War. | ||
Louisiana's unique French heritage is reflected in its toponyms, dialects, customs, demographics, and legal system. Relative to the rest of the southern U.S., Louisiana is [[multilingualism|multilingual]] and multicultural, reflecting an admixture of [[Louisiana French people|Louisiana French]] ([[Cajuns|Cajun]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]]), [[Culture of Spain|Spanish]], [[Culture of Quebec|French Canadian]], [[Acadian people|Acadian]], [[Saint-Domingue Creoles|Saint-Domingue Creole]], [[State-recognized tribes#Louisiana|Native American]], and [[Culture of Africa|West African]] cultures (generally the descendants of [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]] stolen in the 18th century); more recent migrants include [[Filipino Americans|Filipinos]] and Vietnamese. In the [[Reconstruction era|post–Civil War environment]], [[Anglo-Americans]] increased the pressure for [[Anglicization]], and in 1921, English was shortly made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.<ref name="LouisianaOfficialSiteLanguage">[http://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/codofil/about/french-in-louisiana/legal-status/index Louisiana Official Site on Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185821/http://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/codofil/about/french-in-louisiana/legal-status/index|date=June 21, 2015}}, accessed August 22, 2016</ref><ref name="murphy">{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Alexander B. |year=2008<!-- | Louisiana's unique French heritage is reflected in its toponyms, dialects, customs, demographics, and legal system. Relative to the rest of the southern U.S., Louisiana is [[multilingualism|multilingual]] and multicultural, reflecting an admixture of [[Louisiana French people|Louisiana French]] ([[Cajuns|Cajun]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]]), [[Culture of Spain|Spanish]], [[Culture of Quebec|French Canadian]], [[Acadian people|Acadian]], [[Saint-Domingue Creoles|Saint-Domingue Creole]], [[State-recognized tribes#Louisiana|Native American]], and [[Culture of Africa|West African]] cultures (generally the descendants of [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]] stolen in the 18th century); more recent migrants include [[Filipino Americans|Filipinos]] and Vietnamese. In the [[Reconstruction era|post–Civil War environment]], [[Anglo-Americans]] increased the pressure for [[Anglicization]], and in 1921, English was shortly made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.<ref name="LouisianaOfficialSiteLanguage">[http://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/codofil/about/french-in-louisiana/legal-status/index Louisiana Official Site on Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185821/http://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/codofil/about/french-in-louisiana/legal-status/index|date=June 21, 2015}}, accessed August 22, 2016</ref><ref name="murphy">{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Alexander B. |year=2008<!-- | ||
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Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists were [[Sephardic Jews]] who immigrated to the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.<ref>Isaacs, Ronald H. ''The Jewish Information Source Book: A Dictionary and Almanac'', Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1993. p. 202.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sinai Scholars Seek Students |url=http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/011210_sinai.cfm |agency=Tulane University |date=January 12, 2010 |quote=Registration is open for the spring session of the Sinai Scholars Society, Tulane chapter. The national organization provides funding for a course on Judaism each semester at more than 50 campuses nationwide. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712063709/http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/011210_sinai.cfm |archive-date=July 12, 2015 }}</ref> The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Reform Judaism]]; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=U.S. Religion Census |publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists were [[Sephardic Jews]] who immigrated to the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.<ref>Isaacs, Ronald H. ''The Jewish Information Source Book: A Dictionary and Almanac'', Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1993. p. 202.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sinai Scholars Seek Students |url=http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/011210_sinai.cfm |agency=Tulane University |date=January 12, 2010 |quote=Registration is open for the spring session of the Sinai Scholars Society, Tulane chapter. The national organization provides funding for a course on Judaism each semester at more than 50 campuses nationwide. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712063709/http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/011210_sinai.cfm |archive-date=July 12, 2015 }}</ref> The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Reform Judaism]]; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=U.S. Religion Census |publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) [[Judah P. Benjamin]], who represented Louisiana in the [[U.S. Senate]] before the | Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) [[Judah P. Benjamin]], who represented Louisiana in the [[U.S. Senate]] before the American Civil War and then became the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican [[Michael Hahn]] who was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S. congressman;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowla.org/entry/940/ |title="Michael Hahn." ''KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana.'' Ed. David Johnson. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, 27 Jul 2011. Web. Mar 2. 2016, accessed March 2, 2016 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307131517/http://www.knowla.org/entry/940/ |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Democrat [[Adolph Meyer]], [[Confederate Army]] officer who represented the state in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1891 until his death in 1908; [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Secretary of State (U.S. state government)|secretary of state]] [[Jay Dardenne]], and Republican ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] before 2011) [[List of Attorneys General of Louisiana|attorney general]] [[Buddy Caldwell]]. | ||
Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]. In the [[Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area]], Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 8, 2014|title=A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City|url=https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/|access-date=October 28, 2020|website=Shreveport News|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026020646/https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.<ref name=":22" /> The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana were [[Sunni Islam]], [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational Islam]] and [[Quranism]], [[Shia Islam]], and the [[Nation of Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosques and Islamic schools in Eastern Louisiana, Louisiana – Salatomatic – your guide to mosques & Islamic schools|url=https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/wGRWFW3KGA?|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.salatomatic.com|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427162841/https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/wGRWFW3KGA|url-status=live}}</ref> | Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]. In the [[Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area]], Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 8, 2014|title=A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City|url=https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/|access-date=October 28, 2020|website=Shreveport News|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026020646/https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.<ref name=":22" /> The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana were [[Sunni Islam]], [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational Islam]] and [[Quranism]], [[Shia Islam]], and the [[Nation of Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosques and Islamic schools in Eastern Louisiana, Louisiana – Salatomatic – your guide to mosques & Islamic schools|url=https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/wGRWFW3KGA?|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.salatomatic.com|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427162841/https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/wGRWFW3KGA|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||