CargoAdmin, Bureaucrats, Moderators (CommentStreams), fileuploaders, Interface administrators, newuser, Push subscription managers, Suppressors, Administrators
13,603
edits
Home demonstration clubs: Difference between revisions
m
Text replacement - "World War I" to "World War I"
m (1 revision imported) |
m (Text replacement - "World War I" to "World War I") |
||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
[[File:Three Day Cooking School (Advertisement) - Louisville, Mississippi - 6 March 1931.png|thumb|Advertisement for home demonstration event in Winston County, Mississippi in 1931.]]In 1914 the [[Smith–Lever Act of 1914|Smith-Lever Act]] made national funds available for the home economics, including home demonstration agents.<ref name="National Agricultural Library">{{cite web |title=Apron Strings and Kitchen Sinks: Home Demonstration Work |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/apronsandkitchens/items/show/64 |website=National Agricultural Library |publisher=USDA |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> The act provided both legal and financial backing for home demonstration clubs.<ref name=":1" /> By 1951, there were 60,361 home demonstration clubs.{{Sfn|USDA|1951|p=12}} | [[File:Three Day Cooking School (Advertisement) - Louisville, Mississippi - 6 March 1931.png|thumb|Advertisement for home demonstration event in Winston County, Mississippi in 1931.]]In 1914 the [[Smith–Lever Act of 1914|Smith-Lever Act]] made national funds available for the home economics, including home demonstration agents.<ref name="National Agricultural Library">{{cite web |title=Apron Strings and Kitchen Sinks: Home Demonstration Work |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/apronsandkitchens/items/show/64 |website=National Agricultural Library |publisher=USDA |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> The act provided both legal and financial backing for home demonstration clubs.<ref name=":1" /> By 1951, there were 60,361 home demonstration clubs.{{Sfn|USDA|1951|p=12}} | ||
During | During World War I, home demonstration clubs worked with [[Food preservation|food conservation]] programs.<ref name=":1" /> Emergency funds were appropriated in order to hire more home demonstration agents during WWI.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncpedia.org/lowe-dazelle-foster|title=Lowe, Dazelle Foster|last1=Von der Heide|first1=Mary|last2=Pronovost|first2=Emily|date=2007|website=NCpedia|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> Out of these funds, many [[African Americans|African American]] agents were hired and after 1920, when the emergency funds were no longer needed, white agents asked that black agents continue to be hired.<ref name=":3" /> McKimmon was one of the women who worked to keep on African American agents full time.<ref name=":3" /> Throughout [[World War II]], clubs were involved in efforts such as [[victory garden]]s and victory canning.<ref name=":1" /> In South Carolina, more than 17,500 black women and girls were involved in producing and conserving food during WWII.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=104}} | ||
The first agent in [[Arkansas]] was [[Emma Archer]], who organized club for in [[Mabelvale, Arkansas]] to teach food preserving using canning in 1912. Four years later she became the state agent supervised district organizers. The system was racially segregated whilst black women agents taught black urban women in largely non-white areas, white women agents supervised other black clubs.<ref name="ency">{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/home-demonstration-clubs-5387/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> In 1918, [[Edith Parrott]], who supervised home demonstration work in South Carolina, said that while white women could help black families, the work could only be done "properly" if black agents served black families.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=95}} Negro extension work was funded at a lower rate than programs for white people and black women's extension services received less funding than black men's services.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=93}} Black demonstration agents were also paid around half of what white women earned for the same work.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=95}} In some cases, the difference between the salaries of white and black home demonstration agents was even more pronounced. For example, in [[Winston County, Mississippi]], Olga B. Hughes, the white home demonstration agent received a salary of $150 per month in 1931,<ref name='WCJ-Hughes'>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=23 Jan 1931 |title=Proceedings of January Board |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/303329637/ |work=The Winston County Journal |location=Louisville, Mississippi |page=7 |access-date=7 Jan 2021 |url-access=subscription |quote=Mrs. Olga B. Hughes salary 150.00 }}</ref> while Grace Perryman, her black counterpart, received only $25 per month in the same year.<ref name='WCJ-Perryman'>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=20 Mar 1931 |title=Proceedings of March Board |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/303331017/ |work=The Winston County Journal |location=Louisville, Mississippi |page=6 |access-date=7 Jan 2021 |url-access=subscription |quote=The Board does hereby employ Grace Perryman as County Home Demonstration Agent of said county for a period of twelve months beginning first day of Jan. 1931 at and for sum of $25 per month. }}</ref> | The first agent in [[Arkansas]] was [[Emma Archer]], who organized club for in [[Mabelvale, Arkansas]] to teach food preserving using canning in 1912. Four years later she became the state agent supervised district organizers. The system was racially segregated whilst black women agents taught black urban women in largely non-white areas, white women agents supervised other black clubs.<ref name="ency">{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/home-demonstration-clubs-5387/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> In 1918, [[Edith Parrott]], who supervised home demonstration work in South Carolina, said that while white women could help black families, the work could only be done "properly" if black agents served black families.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=95}} Negro extension work was funded at a lower rate than programs for white people and black women's extension services received less funding than black men's services.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=93}} Black demonstration agents were also paid around half of what white women earned for the same work.{{Sfn|Harris|2009|p=95}} In some cases, the difference between the salaries of white and black home demonstration agents was even more pronounced. For example, in [[Winston County, Mississippi]], Olga B. Hughes, the white home demonstration agent received a salary of $150 per month in 1931,<ref name='WCJ-Hughes'>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=23 Jan 1931 |title=Proceedings of January Board |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/303329637/ |work=The Winston County Journal |location=Louisville, Mississippi |page=7 |access-date=7 Jan 2021 |url-access=subscription |quote=Mrs. Olga B. Hughes salary 150.00 }}</ref> while Grace Perryman, her black counterpart, received only $25 per month in the same year.<ref name='WCJ-Perryman'>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=20 Mar 1931 |title=Proceedings of March Board |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/303331017/ |work=The Winston County Journal |location=Louisville, Mississippi |page=6 |access-date=7 Jan 2021 |url-access=subscription |quote=The Board does hereby employ Grace Perryman as County Home Demonstration Agent of said county for a period of twelve months beginning first day of Jan. 1931 at and for sum of $25 per month. }}</ref> | ||